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Die Schwestern Gertrud und Elsbeth Horschitz
© Privatbesitz

Gertrud Emma Horschitz * 1894

Wellingsbütteler Landstraße 110 (Hamburg-Nord, Ohlsdorf)

1941 Lodz
ermordet 20.04.1942

further stumbling stones in Wellingsbütteler Landstraße 110:
Elsbeth Marie Horschitz

Gertrud Emma Horschitz, born on 21.6.1894 in Hamburg, deported on 25.10.1941 to the Litzmannstadt/Lodz ghetto, perished there on 20.4.1942

Elsbeth Marie Horschitz, born on 6.11.1895 in Hamburg, deported to the Litzmannstadt/Lodz ghetto on 25.10.1941 and murdered in Chelmno on 10.5.1942

Wellingsbütteler Landstraße 110

Gertrud Emma and her younger sister Elsbeth Marie were closely connected throughout their lives. Their mother Elsbeth Regine, called Ella, née Horschitz (born July 10, 1869), came from Kassel, from the second marriage of Moses Moritz Horschitz to Emma, née Elzbacher, which had taken place on September 30, 1866 in Bad Oyenhausen. The sisters never got to know their grandfather. He had died on November 5, 1877, and their mother had already lost her father when she was eight years old.

The connection to Hamburg existed through this grandfather, Moses Moritz Horschitz (born 18.9.1812). He came from Kassel. There, the Horschitz family had made a name for themselves in the wool trade and established branches in London and Hamburg. His grandfather had settled in Hamburg, where he owned the company "Arnthal & Horschitz Gebr" together with Jacob Arnthal.

The grandfather's brother Sally Horschitz (born 28.4.1822 in Kassel), who was ten years younger, had also established himself as a merchant in the seed and salt trade in Hamburg and had a prestigious villa built for himself at Harvestehuder Weg 8 on the Alster in 1872 according to the plans of the Kassel-born architect Albert Rosengarten; seven years later a second villa was built at no. 7b.

The Jewish great-great-grandparents on his mother's side, Moses Machalm Horschitz and Breine, née Jesaias, were still living in Stadtlengsfeld. Their son, the sisters' great-grandfather Jesaias Salomon Horschitz (born 1769 in Stadtlengsfeld), had moved from there to Kassel after marrying Zerline, née Eichengrün (born 1789 in Warburg), in his hometown on February 14, 1827, and died there after three years on June 4, 1830, his wife, the great-grandmother, on March 14, 1839.

Lina Horschitz (born 5.2.1840) and Julius Horschitz (born 1.4.1838), who were born in Kassel, descended from the first marriage of their grandfather Moses Moritz Horschitz to Goldchen Wallach (born 1813 in Kassel). The sisters' aunt, Lina Horschitz, had married the banker Rudolph Arnthal in May 1858 and lived in Kassel. The sisters' uncle, Julius Horschitz, had settled in Hamburg in 1873 and was associated with the Arnthal & Horschitz company, the sugar business. He had married Ilka Betty Fleischel (born 11.10.1860), who was born in Leipzig, on September 20, 1877. This marriage produced five children: Erwin (born 1878), Walter (born 1880), Toni Katharina Maria (born 1882), Richard (born 1884) and Edgar (born 1887). Julius Horschitz had acquired Hamburg citizenship on May 28, 1881 and, as a merchant, had to pay tax on an annual income of 35,000 marks. The family lived at Heimhuder Straße 35. Their daughter Toni Katharina Maria, called Kitty, married the painter Arthur Goldschmidt in 1905 and lived with him and the children in Reinbek.

The second marriage of the sisters' grandfather Moritz Horschitz to Emma, née Elzbacher, produced their son Otto on October 2, 1867 and, after Elsbeth Regine, the sisters' mother, their son Fritz Wilhelm on January 24, 1874.

There was a lively, loving exchange of letters between the sisters' grandparents when the husband was on his frequent business trips between Hamburg, London and Paris. Letters that have survived provide an insight into the wife's efforts to ensure that the children were well educated and trained - including in the arts - and the husband's efforts to fulfill the wishes of his wife and daughters for the latest fashions in clothing.

Elsbeth Regine Horschitz had married Emil Otto Seckel (born 26.2.1861 in Diez) in Kassel on August 23, 1893. Both were members of the Jewish community. Emil Otto Seckel had been a Hamburg citizen since the end of 1887 and was a self-employed merchant.

In the two years that followed, two sisters, Gertrud Emma on June 21, 1894, and Elsbeth Marie on November 6, 1895, were born in Hamburg. Even before the birth of their second daughter, the parents were baptized together with their first-born in the church of St. Gertrud on 6 September 1895. Elsbeth Marie was also baptized in this church in 1895, her uncle Julius Horschitz on 12 April 1897 and her younger sister Lena, three years after Elsbeth, on 2 September 1898.

Lena died while still an infant, at the age of four months. A family burial plot with four grave sites was reserved at the Ohlsdorf cemetery, where she was laid to rest, grave location M 22 I, between 278/80. The family lived at Körnerstraße 13 at this time.

The family was well off and the parents were able to afford long trips, such as one to the island of Capri, where they stayed at the Villa Allers, founded by the painter C. W. Allers, on March 11, 1899.

There will also always have been good coffee in the sisters' family. On December 29, 1887, their father Emil Otto Seckel, together with his older brother Robert Seckel (born March 11, 1857 in Diez), had founded the coffee import and wholesale company R. & E. Seckel at Sanddorquai 23 with its stock exchange headquarters at pillar 4, seats f and g. Their father, the grandfather, was the founder of the company.

Their father, the sisters' paternal grandfather August Seckel, who like his grandparents, the sisters' great-grandparents Moses Seckel and Johanna, née Meyer, came from Diez, had already died on December 10, 1889 in Frankfurt am Main at the age of 61.

When Gertrud and Elsbeth reached school age, the family lived at Rothenbaumchaussee 71. Their uncle Robert Seckel and his wife Maria, née Neumann, who came from Frankfurt am Main, had lived not far away in their own home at Klosterallee 7 since 1889.

The grandmother of the two sisters had lived in Hamburg for a year and a half before Emma Horschitz, née Elzbacher, died on May 10, 1905 at Curschmannstraße 14; Gertrud was almost eleven and Elsbeth nine years old.

Their uncle Fritz Horschitz, with whom their grandmother had lived most recently, moved to Antwerp. Their paternal grandmother Jakobine Seckel, née Landsberg, who had remained in Frankfurt after their grandfather's death, was also found dead in her apartment there on July 12, 1909. The sisters' uncle, Julius Horschitz, died in London in October 1910.

A short time later, after the sisters' uncle Robert Seckel had left the company, Emil Otto Seckel became the sole owner of R. & E. Seckel on December 22, 1910. In August 1911, Robert Seckel moved with his wife Maria, née Neumann, first to Bremen, then to Frankfurt am Main, his wife's home town. He died there on May 21, 1914 at the age of 57 at Schumannstraße 29.

From 1915, Gertrud and Elsbeth lived with their mother Ella Seckel in Winterhude, Andreasstraße 31, 2nd floor. Their parents had separated. It was not possible to find out anything about the sisters' education. It is known that one of the sisters gave piano lessons. Their mother had already received musical training.

At the end of 1915, Elsbeth Seckel went to the pastorate, Kirchwärder Heerweg 84, to Pastor Grau for two years. She probably took a job there. After that she was temporarily registered in Friedrichsroda and Oldesloe. Her mother's brother, her uncle Fritz, came back from Antwerp and lived with her mother in March 1916, presumably to support her during the separation. Gertrud and Elsbeth Seckel's parents divorced in April 1916. Fritz Horschitz then went back to Brussels.

Emil Otto Seckel married Margaretha Wortmann, a Catholic from Cologne who was 19 years his junior, in Hamburg on April 1, 1916, while they were still divorced.

According to a passport record from 1917, the sisters' mother was of medium height, had brown eyes and was dark blonde. A passport record for 27-year-old Gertrud describes her as being of medium height, with dark hair and brown eyes.

After the divorce, Ella Seckel, née Horschitz, Gertrud and Elsbeth Seckel decided to drop the surname Seckel. They were permitted to use the surname Horschitz by Senate decree on August 13, 1920. It was under this name that they purchased the villa at Wellingsbütteler Landstraße 110, where Gertrud and Elsbeth Horschitz moved in with their mother on April 1, 1921.

Their uncle Fritz Horschitz died in Rotterdam on August 1, 1925 after a long illness, his last place of residence had been Haag. The cremation took place on August 4, 1925 in the Mainz crematorium. The urn was transferred to the Park Hotel in Frankfurt. It is possible that the sisters and their mother attended the funeral three days later at 2 p.m. at the new Jewish cemetery at Untere Zahlbacher Straße 11 in Mainz. Eugen Salberg from Cologne mourned his good friend in an obituary in the "Algemeen Handelsblad", as did the management and staff of his company N. V. Veemesta.

His father Emil Otto Seckel can be found in the Hamburg address book until 1929 at Rothenbaumchaussee 24, 1st floor. The company R. & E. Seckel ceased to exist in the commercial register on April 1, 1930. Emil Otto Seckel had moved to Dresden with his second wife. His parents-in-law lived there.

Ella Horschitz was spared National Socialist persecution. She died of a "heart attack" on July 3, 1931, seven days before her 62nd birthday at her daughters' villa in Klein Borstel. Ella Horschitz was laid to rest in the Seckel family grave next to her daughter Lena, who died as an infant, in the Ohlsdorf cemetery, grave location M 22, no. 278. The resting period extended by Gertrud Horschitz expired in 1971.
The property passed to Gertrud after her mother's death, Elsbeth was in turn appointed sole heir by Gertrud.

Dr. Hans Arnthal, son of Gustav Adolf Arnthal and Toni, née Fleischel, stood by the siblings during this time. They were also distantly related to him. The longstanding connection between the families existed through the joint company of both grandfathers Jacob Arnthal and Moritz Horschitz.

Hans Arnthal (born 26.1.1883 in Hamburg) lived with his wife Fränzel, née Scheerbarth (born 9.1.1895 in Lindenthal, Cologne), and their two sons Hans Werner (born 15.10.1923) and Ernst Günther (born 10.3.1927), who were born in Hamburg, nearby at Hamburger Straße 70 (now Wellingsbüttler Weg) in Wellingsbüttel from 1930. The sisters maintained daily contact with the family and were bound by their love of music. Fränzel Arnthal was an opera singer and Gertrud and Elsbeth gave piano lessons to the musically gifted Ernst Günther. Hans Arnthal was forced to give up his law practice at Speersort 6 and his sons had to leave their schools. The Arnthal family emigrated to Australia via Switzerland in 1939.

In 1936, Gertrud Horschitz had a new wooden veranda built on the ground floor of her villa. However, the National Socialist persecution measures, laws and requirements against the Jews also became increasingly severe for the two sisters. In December 1938, Gertrud and Elsbeth Horschitz were required to pay "Jewish property levies" totaling RM 14,750. Gertrud had to take out a loan of 2,500 RM from C. Reincke to be able to pay this. Like all Jews, they were forced to hand over their silver jugs and cutlery weighing a total of 9 1/2 kg, as well as three rings, two needles with precious stones and two chains. The value was estimated by jeweler Wilckens at a total of 585 RM.

Although Gertrud and Elsbeth Horschitz were baptized Protestant as children, they were assigned to the Reich Association of Jews in Germany in 1939 due to the National Socialist "racial laws" and therefore had to become members of the Jewish Religious Association (Jüdischer Religionsverband e.V.).

During the time of their persecution, Gertrud and Elsbeth played the piano for the Jewish community and gave piano lessons to Jewish children after they were forbidden to teach non-Jews.

The sisters' father, Emil Otto Seckel, died in Dresden on January 21, 1941 at the age of 79. (His non-Jewish widow died in Dresden in October 1972).

Gertrud and Elsbeth Horschitz were deported to the Lodz ghetto with the first deportation on October 25, 1941. The last documents from the archives in Lodz, which record their registration and de-registration in Litzmannstadt, bear witness to the crimes committed against the two sisters. On these documents, they still stated "Protestant" as their religious affiliation. The registration papers show that the sisters were moved to apartment 20 at Franciskanska 30 on January 8, 1942, where they had to share a room with a kitchen with six other people. The de-registration slip documents that on March 6, due to a lack of space and the establishment of a medical practice, they were moved to Cranachstraße 9, apartment no. 28, to a room without a kitchen. The unspeakable conditions in the ghetto led to Gertrud Horschitz's death. She died on April 20, 1942 at the age of 47.

Three weeks later, Elsbeth Horschitz had to face the dreaded "resettlement"; on May 10, 1942, she was transported to the Chelmno extermination camp and murdered. Elsbeth Horschitz was 46 years old.

On the day of their deportation, the sisters Elsbeth and Gertrud were also robbed of their property. The property shares of the houses at Andreasstraße 35, Dorotheenstraße 59, Bismarckstraße 116, Wrangelstraße 2 and Osterstraße 3, one eighth of which had been transferred to the sisters from their mother's inheritance, were transferred to the German Reich.The report dated December 31, 1941 from the property management company Lange & Garber, which managed these houses, shows that the sisters were shareholders together with Fritz and Otto Horschitz, their mother's brothers. In January 1942, the sisters' villa was also transferred to the property department of the Chief Finance President.

After their deportation, the entire household of the two sisters was auctioned off or sold off by the company Schlüter & Co in Wellingsbütteler Landstraße. The household items are meticulously listed in the account dated December 30, 1941 for the Chief Finance President. However, the entire dining room is missing from the list and no value is given for some items. Women's shoes, a travel typewriter, a cityscape, a table lamp, a ladies' bicycle and a canoe went to employees of the Chief Finance Authority and to tenants of the villa without any compensation. The items on the list, such as carpets, a mahogany table, oil paintings, opera glasses, old silver clocks, a totem and a bronze figure of "Nike" bear witness to the past bourgeois life of the two sisters. The Riedel grand piano was sold with other items to tenants of the villa. The total proceeds amounted to 371.50 RM.

The further fate of the family members and friends
Gustav Adolph Arnthal (born 10.4.1856 in Hamburg), the son of Jacob Arnthal, co-owner of the Arnthal & Horschitz company, lived next door to the family of his uncle Robert Seckel in the stately villa at Klosterallee 8. On April 23, 1882, he had married Toni, née Fleischel (born January 22, 1863), the sister of the wife of Julius Horschitz, the uncle of the two sisters. Toni Arnthal took her own life on 6.8.1904.

The grandmother and widow Emma Horschitz, née Elzbacher (born 22.3.1841 in Münster, Westphalia), moved from Kassel to Hamburg in 1903 at the age of 62 to spend the rest of her life near her children Ella and Fritz. She was of Jewish origin and of the Protestant religion, the daughter of Regine, née Eichengrün, and the merchant Jacob Elzbacher, who had already died in Münster. In Hamburg, she lived at Gellertstraße 16 with her son Fritz Horschitz (born 24.1.1874 in Kassel); he had settled in Hamburg in October 1901 and ran a fertilizer company in Dovenhof together with the co-owner H. Staackmann from Antwerp.

Their two youngest daughters born in Hamburg, Gertrud Arnthal (born 4.5.1890) and Wera Arnthal (born 18.6.1892), were only 16 and 12 years old and were then lovingly adopted in Berlin by their aunt Johanna, née Arnthal (born 14.6.1859 in Hamburg), and her husband Eduard Arnhold (born 10.6.1849 in Dessau). Eduard Arnhold, who had established himself as the leading energy supplier for the entire empire in the coal trade, committed a large part of his fortune to supporting a large number of social organizations, art and culture. As a patron of the arts, he provided the Berlin Picture Gallery and museums with paintings by Manet, Monet, Cézanne and Renoir. A home for orphans and children from difficult backgrounds, today the Kurt Löwenstein Youth Education Center, was established by him as a foundation, as was the Villa Massimo in Rome, which was donated to the Prussian state in 1910/11. Scholarships are still awarded today to selected, predominantly young German artists to study there from September to July at the latest. Later, he generously financed an expedition to New Guinea for a group led by the painter Emil Nolde, in which Gertrud Harriet Arnthal, the adopted daughter from Hamburg, also took part as a nurse for Nolde's wife. Tragically, Gertrud Harriet Arnthal died of malaria during this trip in Rabaul, New Guinea, in April 1914, one month before her 24th birthday. Emil Nolde immortalized her in his paintings of the South Seas.

Margareta (born 29.9.1886 in Hamburg), the elder daughter of Toni and Gustav Arnthal, married Dr. phil. Johann Schiff and also moved to Berlin. There, in Charlottenburg, her father Gustav Arnthal died a year later on March 31, 1907 of a heart attack at the age of 50. The funeral service took place on April 3 at the Ohlsdorf Crematorium in Hamburg. The entire Horschitz family, including the sisters, certainly attended.

Wera Arnthal married the President of the Higher Regional Court Wilhelm Martens (born 1889) before the First World War and had daughters Edith (born 1913), Gertrud (born 1917) and Ursula (born 1919) with him.

Toni and Gustav Arnthal's eldest son, the lawyer Hans Arnthal (born 26.1.1883 in Hamburg), married in 1922 and remained closely connected to the Horschitz sisters with his family until the end.

Their cousin Edgar Horschitz was deported to Riga on December 6, 1941 and murdered; his brother Erwin Horschitz (for biographies, see www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de) was deported to Theresienstadt on March 24, 1943 and took his own life there on March 31, 1943. Stumbling stones commemorate both of them at Rothenbaumchaussee 31.

Margareta Schiff, née Arnthal, died on March 21, 1942 in Berlin-Wedding. Her husband Johannes, her children Kurt, Ernst, Eva (born 1918) and Werner survived the war.

Wera Martens, née Arnthal, protected and hidden by her non-Jewish husband Wilhelm, was also able to see the end of the war with her daughters Edith (born 1913), Gertrud (born 1917) and Ursula (born 1919).

Hans Arnthal, who had initially emigrated to Australia with his family, went to England after the war and stayed there under the name Harold Andry together with his wife France. Hans Werner and Ernst Günther Arnthal, who had been appointed sole heirs by Gertrud and Elsbeth, lived temporarily in the villa of the two sisters after the war.

Ernst Günther Arnthal, who became Peter Edward Andry after emigrating, studied piano and composition in Melbourne and made a name for himself as a flautist in Australia. In 1953 he went to England to study composition and later became a recognized music producer for Decca, EMI and Warner Classics. He worked with Bernstein, Karajan and Maria Callas, among others. Peter Edward Andry died in London on December 7, 2010.

Hans Werner Arnthal, later Robert Georg Andry, became a psychology professor and remained in Australia, where he started a family. Ill at the end of his life, he was cared for by his daughter Fiona and was still able to identify the photograph of the Horschitz sisters. He died in his home in exile at the end of 2014.

Translated by Margot Löhr

Stand: November 2023
© Margot Löhr

Quellen: 1; 2; 4; 5; 8; StaH, 211-3 Oberappelationsgericht, H I 1871 Arnthal & Horschitz; StaH, 213-13 Landgericht Hamburg, Rückerstattung, 2002 Gertrud u. Elsbeth Horschitz, 10987 Harold Andry, 19394 Harold Andry, 26606 Gertrud Horschitz Erben; StaH, 214-1 Gerichtsvollzieherei, 636 Jane Seckel; StaH, 231-3 Handelsregister, B 18699 Sally Horschitz; StaH, 231-7 Handelsregister, A 1 Bd 19 Nr. A 5141, A 13 Bd. 10 Nr. G 25148, B 1963-106 Horschitz & Co AG; StaH, 232-3 Testamente, H 4228 Jacob Arnthal; StaH, 314-15 Oberfinanzpräsident, V 1-321 Bd. 1 u. Bd. 2 Lange & Garber, F 47 Hans Jacob Arnthal, R 1939/2392 Elly Horschitz; StaH, 332-3, Zivilstandsregister, C 202 Nr. 668; StaH, 332-5 Standesämter, Geburtsregister, 8932 u. 2985/1878 Erwin Horschitz, 8947 u. 1853/1880 Walter Horschitz, 8964 u. 587/1882 Toni Horschitz, 8973 u. 390/1883 Hans Arnthal, 8992 u. 4637/1884 Richard Horschitz, 9013 u. 4388/1886 Margaretha Arnthal, 9025 u. 3722/1887 Edgar Horschitz, 9054 u. 586/1890 Gertrud Harriet Arnthal, 9075 u. 944/1892 Wera Elisabeth Arnthal, 9063 u.179/1891 Helene Arnthal, 9098 u. 1120/1894 Gertrud Emma Seckel/Horschitz, 9112 u. 2021/1895 Elsbeth Marie Seckel/Horschitz, 9145 u. 1848/1898 Lena Seckel; StaH, 332-5 Standesämter, Heiratsregister, 8486 u. 609/1877 Julius Horschitz u. Ilka Betty Fleischel, 8504 u. 212/1882 Gustav Arnthal u. Toni Fleischel, 8644 u. 166/1906 Joh. Theodor Schiff u. Margaretha Arnthal, 6528 u. 83/1916 Emil Otto Seckel u. Margaretha Wortmann; StaH, 332-5 Standesämter, Sterberegister, 7923 u. 21/1899 Lena Seckel, 7975 u. 1992/1904 Toni Fleischel, 9657 u. 1117/1905 Emma Horschitz, 9845 u. 42/1931 Elsbeth Regina Horschitz; StaH, 332-7 Staatsangehörigkeitsaufsicht, AIf Bd. 157 Nr. 8145 Gustav Adolph Arnthal, B III 17425/1881 Julius Horschitz, B III 57465/1887 Emil Otto Seckel, B III 17425/1881 Julius Horschitz; StaH, 332-8 Meldewesen, A 24 Bd. 111 Nr. 2564/1911 Robert Seckel, A 24 Bd. 134 Nr. 2572/1916 Elsbeth Regine Horschitz, A 24 Bd. 149 Nr. 4548/1917 Elsbeth Regine Horschitz, A 24 Bd. 240 Nr. 315/1921 Gertrud Emma Horschitz, A 24 Bd. 328 Nr. 17192/1925 Gertrud Emma Horschitz, A 24 Bd. 333 Nr. 2864/1926 Elsbeth Regine Horschitz; StaH, 351-11 Amt für Wiedergutmachung, 16264 Gertrud Horschitz, 16991 Elsbeth Horschitz, 45928 Robert Andry; StaH, 352-5 Gesundheitsbehörde, Todesbescheinigungen, 1931, Sta 19, Nr. 42 Elsbeth Regine Horschitz; StaH, 376-2 Gewerbepolizei, Spz VIII C 9 Nr. 2084/1873 Julius Horschitz, Spz VIII C 34 Nr. 5520/1887 Emil Otto Seckel; StaH, 522-1 Jüdische Gemeinden, Heiratsregister, 702 c Nr. 71/1853 Jacob Arnthal u. Berta Levy; StaH, 621-1/87, 51 "Konsulent" Dr. Walter Wulff Forderung von Gertrud u. Elsbeth Horschitz an Barmenia; StaH, 741-4, Fotoarchiv, K 6285, K 6964; Standesamt Berlin-Wedding, Sterberegister, Nr. 1899/1942 Margareta Schiff; Auskünfte Standesamt Dresden, Sterberegister, Nr. 1251/1972 Margaretha Seckel; Standesamt Frankfurt, Sterberegister, Nr. 732/1909 Johanette Jacobine Seckel, Nr. 92/1914 Julius Seckel, Nr. 524/1914 Robert Seckel; Standesamt Kassel, Heiratsregister, Nr. 361/1893 Otto Seckel u. Elsbeth Regine Horschitz; Hessische Hauptstaatsarchiv, Wiesbaden (HHStAW), Nr. 242/1867 Abt. 365 Nr. 494 Standesregister der jüdischen Gemeinden, Geburtsregister der Juden von Kassel, Nr. 242/1867 Otto Horschitz, Nr. 289/1869 Elsbeth Regine Horschitz, Nr. 453/1874 Kassel Fritz Horschitz; Archiwum Panstwowe Lodzi, An-, und Abmeldungen Getto Lodz/Litzmannstadt, Elsbeth und Gertrud Horschitz; Auskünfte Barbara Schulze, Förderkreis Ohlsdorfer Friedhof e. V., Grabstätte Seckel; Archiv Friedhof Ohlsdorf, Beerdigungsregister, Nr. 104/1899 Lena Seckel, Nr. 7169/1931 Elsbeth Regine Horschitz, Grabbrief Nr. 22300/1899; Auskünfte Frau Krug, Stadtarchiv Dresden, Personenstandsregister, Sta Dresden Ost Nr. 1251/1972; Peter Jacubowsky, Gelnhausen, Sally Horschitz-Forschung, Stand 1.6.2009; Auskünfte Krematorium Mainz, 28.7.2021; Peter von Becker: Eduard Arnold. Reichtum verpflichtet – Unternehmer und Kunstmäzen (Jüdische Miniaturen, Bd. 237), Berlin/Leipzig 2019; Peter von Becker: Der Magnat als Mäzen, in: Der Tagesspiegel, 9.8.2015; Detlef Landgrebe: Kückenallee 37. Eine Kindheit am Rande des Holocaust, hrsg. von Thomas Hübner, Rheinbach 2009; Rolf Ernst Martin Arnthal, http://www.hohenemsgenealogie.at/gen/ahnentafel.php?personID=I20253&tree=Hohenems&generations=, eingesehen am: 20.3.2022; Juden in Kassel 1866–1878. Briefkonvolut Ehepaar Horschitz, ca. 200 Briefe und Postkarten, http://www.cassiodor.com/Artikel/4891.aspx, eingesehen am: 20.3.2022; Moses (Moritz) Horschitz, http://www.blankgenealogy.com/getperson.php?personID=I9538&tree=Blank1, eingesehen am: 20.3.2022. Vielen Dank an Fiona Andry!
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