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Paul und Paula Seligsohn mit ihrer Tochter Inge
© Privatbesitz

Paul Seligsohn * 1882

Beim Schlump 52 (Eimsbüttel, Eimsbüttel)

HIER WOHNTE
PAUL SELIGSOHN
JG. 1882
DEPORTIERT 1941
LODZ / LITZMANNSTADT
CHELMNO / KULMHOF
ERMORDET MAI 1942

further stumbling stones in Beim Schlump 52:
Paula Seligsohn

Paula Seligsohn, née Katz, born 13 January 1889 in Guxhagen, deported on 25 October 1941 to Lodz ghetto, further deported on 25 April or in May 1942 to the Chelmno extermination camp
Paul Seligsohn, born 13 August 1882 in Altona, deported on 25 October 1941 to Lodz ghetto, further deported on 25 April or in May 1942 to Chelmno extermination camp

Beim Schlump 52

Paula and Paul Seligsohn, a Jewish couple, had lived since 1920 in one of the so-called garden houses in the backyard of the street Beim Schlump 52 c in the Hamburg district of Eimsbüttel, where their only child Inge Herma was born on 13 April 1920. They had married on 16 June 1919 in Guxhagen.

Paula Seligsohn, née Katz, was born on 13 Jan 1889 as the fourth of twelve children in Guxhagen, in the Schwalm-Eder district of North Hesse. Her parents Bernhard/ Baruch Katz (born 4 Oct 1852) and Jenny/ Jettchen, née Rosenblatt (born 10 June 1860) had married on 14 November 1883 in Hebel (today Wabern) in North Hesse, her mother's birthplace.

In rural Guxhagen a small Orthodox Jewish community existed whose members mostly lived from butchery, livestock and manufactured goods trade and small craft businesses. Paula's father, Bernhard Katz, a merchant at Sellerstraße 45 held, as can be seen from a marginal note in the death register, the office of a community elder of the Jewish community for 17 years. The Jewish children in Guxhagen attended the Israelite primary school in the synagogue building in the street called Untergasse (today Lilly-Jahn-Platz), and we suppose that Paula was one of them. After finishing school years she worked as a cook and after her marriage she managed the household in Hamburg. (Her parents died in Guxhagen: her father on 7 May 1929, her mother on 4 Nov 1931).

Paul Seligsohn was born on 13 Aug 1882 at Breitestraße 126 in Altona, which was still independent from Hamburg at the time. His father Herrmann Seligsohn (born 12 March 1854), the son of a cantor, came from Jastrow in West Prussia (now Jastrowie/ Poland). He worked as an upholsterer and decorator. His mother Fanny, née Guttmann (born 21 Febr 1856), came from Kempen in Silesia (today Kępno/ Poland).

Shortly after the birth of Paul's younger brother Ludwig (born 31 Dec 1883) at Blumenstraße 39 (now Billrothstraße), the parents moved to Hamburg's Neustadt, where another eight children were born, of whom only the sisters Helene Minna (born 21 Jan 1886, died 11 May 1938) and Hedwig, (born 23 Oct 1892) reached adulthood.

Paul's parents very often changed their addresses: they lived in Brüderstraße 19, in 2. Marienstraße 18 (renamed Jan-Valkenburg-Straße in 1943), in 2. Marktstraße 8 (renamed Markusstraße in 1900) and in Neuer Steinweg 95, then for a few years in Valentinskamp 42 and in Kohlhöfen 39, where at that time the Talmud Tora School was located, which Paul and his brother probably also attended. It was very close to their parents' home, Kohlhöfen 20. Like many other Jewish families, they moved to the newly built Grindelviertel in 1912, to Heinrich-Barth-Straße 6.

Herrmann Seligsohn died on 15 May 1918. Then his younger son Ludwig took over his father's business. Paul had learned the profession of electrical engineer and worked in the port of Hamburg. In 1910, he suffered burns to both eyes from cement and lime. It is passed down in the family that he saved the life of a work colleague who was blinded in an explosion at the Blohm & Voss shipyard, at great risk.

From January 1912, Paul Seligsohn was employed as a fitter by Siemens-Schuckert Company, that that was active in the electrical industry and operated their workshop at Billwerder Neuedeich 358-366 and construction offices at the Vulkan shipyard and the Reiherstieg shipyard, Kleiner Grasbrook. During the First World War, Paul Seligsohn was not drafted but "recalled", thus he was employed in an industrial enterprise important to the war effort and was considered indispensable.

In May 1924 Paul Seligsohn, as a social democrat and trade union activist, took part in a workers' strike and was subsequently dismissed. His application for reinstatement was rejected by the company, although they confirmed that he had always been "efficient in his work". An example was to be made and the "strikebreakers" from the area around Hamburg were kept on.

Shortly thereafter Paul Seligsohn found a "well-paid" job as a fitter in the August Cierjacks Company at Deichstraße 38. In March 1926 he again became unemployed and was unable to find long-term employment during the difficult period of the world economic crisis. He lost his last job in June 1931 at the firm Moeller & Rebber in Weidenallee 8-10, after finishing an assembly job.

Paul Seligsohn had already suffered from rheumatism, a kidney disease and a congenital "cataract" for many years. After a second bilateral eye operation, the first of which had been done in 1918, he was no longer able to work as an electrical engineer. He now received a pension of 50.50 Reichsmark (RM), which was not enough to live on. The Seligsohn family was forced to ask the Welfare Office for financial support, which was granted.

Paul Seligsohn had initially still hoped for a caretaker's post at the Jewish girls' school or in the Jewish lodge house, but obviously this did not come about. (There were three Jewish lodges in Hamburg, the Henry Jones Lodge, Steinthal Lodge and the Nehemiah Nobel Lodge).

From December 1935 Paul Seligsohn was called upon to do earthwork ("compulsory work") as a support recipient at a workplace specially set up for Jews at Waltershof, until he was confirmed to be 50% incapacitated for work in May 1936. However, a temporary disability pension of RM 36.80 was withdrawn again in January 1938. Finally he was called up for compulsory labor again, this time at Billbrookdeich 38.

On 23 October 1936, Paul's mother, Fanny Seligsohn, had died. She had lived at Heinrich-Barth-Straße 6 until 1934 and then moved to Grindelallee 165 as a subtenant.

Within the Hamburg Jewish Community Paul Seligsohn belonged to the Congregation Neue Dammtor Synagoge. According to his own statements, he attended services twice a day from 1937 to 1939 and received an "expense allowance" of RM 18 per month from the congregation.

Paula Seligsohn contributed to the living expenses since September 1938; she had found a "morning job" (domestic help) with the Behrend family at Brahmsallee 15. (The couple Julius Behrend and Minka, née Hartog, were deported to Riga on 6 December 1941 (see www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de). In order to keep costs down, the Seligsohns rented out one furnished room of their apartment.

Daughter Inge had experienced anti-Semitism at an early age. Above all, she had to give up her ballet lessons at the Annelise Sauer School and so her dream of becoming a dancer. As a Jew, Inge would no longer have been allowed to perform in public. Instead, she decided to leave the secondary school "Höhere Töchterschule” at Easter 1934 to learn a practical trade. She began an apprenticeship as a tailor at the fashion house Hirsch & Cie. at Mittelweg 107. After passing her journeyman's examination, she remained employed at the firm until the company was "aryanised" in January 1939, a few weeks after the November pogrom.

Inge later reported that she and her parents had spent the night of the pogrom on November 9-10, 1938 outside in the freezing cold, while four young men hid in their flat.

Out of concern for Inge, her parents now did everything they could to enable her to leave the country, even if it meant parting with their only child. But first Inge was placed with the vegetable farmer Adolf Puttfarken in Geesthacht for compulsory work in the rhubarb fields from April to July 1939. She was then exempted from compulsory work because she was soon to receive her entry permit to England as a domestic servant. She took a cooking course at the Jewish Household School in Heimhuder Straße 70 and emigrated to Great Britain on 24 August 1939. There she met her husband James Denis Lusk, whom she married on 4 June 1940.

Paula and Paul Seligsohn remained in Hamburg. They continued to worry about Inge, even more so when they learned of their daughter's plans to marry. Despite the fact that the war had begun in the meantime, they were still able to maintain letter contact between London and Hamburg via the Red Cross. Letters were also sent via Paula's younger brother Max Katz, who had emigrated to Rotterdam in 1939. The letters to Inge are affectionate, encouraging and supportive. They report on everyday things, on birthdays or visits from friends and relatives, with whom contact was maintained as long as it was still possible. Inge was not to be burdened with additional worries.

In the spring of 1941, Paula Seligsohn became the focus of justice. She had not sent the last letters to Inge to England via the Red Cross as before, but had used another, non-legal route that had attracted attention: employees of the Letter Examination Office for Foreign Countries in Munich had noticed that a large number of letters from all parts of Germany were going to a post office box in Lisbon in neutral Portugal. An employee of the International Sleeping Car Company named Boile forwarded these letters from there to other countries. Since there was suspicion that important messages were slipping into enemy territory, the letters were confiscated by order of the Reich Security Main Office and the senders were identified.
On 14 March 1941, Paula Seligsohn was also questioned by the police. She stated that she did not know the address of her daughter, who lived in England. At first, she had received several letters via the Red Cross and had also replied via this channel. Then, in November 1940, she received a letter asking her to send replies to the post office box in Lisbon. She sent three letters to this address, the last one at the beginning of this year.

After Paula Seligsohn was warned and assured not to send letters to enemy countries via neutral countries in the future, she was released to go home. However, the public prosecutor brought charges and on 28 May 1941 Paula Seligsohn was sentenced to one month in prison in a summary trial before the Hamburg Regional Court and had to pay the costs of the trial. The reasons for the sentence stated that the apology could not exonerate the accused because everything about the ban on correspondence with foreign countries had been published in the newspaper. Her behaviour had been particularly dangerous because it had opened the door to espionage. And as a Jew, she should have been especially careful.

On 4 June 1941, Paula Seligsohn asked the Regional Court for a reduced sentence, which she justified as follows: "I realize that before I wrote to Lisbon, I should have made enquiries with the competent authorities. I failed to do so, because I believed that writing to Lisbon was allowed because my daughter's letter had passed through the censors and I was requested in that letter to write to Lisbon in the future. Therefore, if I now beg that the prison sentence imposed on me be commuted, I give the following reasons: I am 52 years old and have lived in Hamburg for 27 years. I have never been punished by a court, by the police or by any other authority. I have conducted myself perfectly. The same applies to my husband, who has lived in Hamburg for 59 years. My husband is an electrician by profession, but has the misfortune to have cataracts. He is therefore extremely handicapped in his ability to work and gainful employment, as any activity outside the workshop is impossible for him. I myself contribute to the household by taking a morning job. We pay the rent partly by renting out a room. So unfortunately we live in very small circumstances. Our thoughts are always occupied with our only child, who is in England, and that there is no prospect of seeing her again at present. If I am now forced to serve a prison sentence of one month, my husband is completely alone and helpless. There is no one to run the household and care for him. In view of the above, I ask that the sentence not be enforced and that I be granted a suspended sentence, possibly against the payment of a fine that is in line with my financial situation.”
Her request was granted and the prison sentence was commuted to a fine of RM 50.

Inge got the last message from her parents in August 1941 via the Red Cross.

Four months later, Paul and Paula Seligsohn received their "evacuation orders" and the request to report to the lodge house at Moorweide on 24 October 1941. They were deported to the Lodz ghetto, (which had been renamed "Litzmannstadt" by the National Socialists) with the first large transport that left Hamburg on 25 October 1941 from the so called "Hannover Station” at Lohseplatz.
The furnishings of her three-room flat were confiscated and publicly auctioned off on 2 January 1942 for the benefit of the German Reich by the auctioneer Landjunk. The proceeds amounted to 1.661 RM.

Arriving in the Lodz ghetto, the Seligsohn couple was initially housed in a school building until they were given accommodation at Rubensstraße 2, room 40. A last sign of life has been preserved in the "Statistical Department" of the ghetto: On 12 December 1941, Paul Seligsohn and Hillel Chassel confirmed in a protocol "to personal identification" that they personally knew the couple Fula and Leib Rappaport, who were obviously not in possession of their identity papers, from Hamburg (see Fanny and Leib Rappaport and Hillel Chassel, who was appointed by the Gestapo in Hamburg to head the transport to Lodz: www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de).

In May 1942, transports were assembled in the Lodz ghetto for the "resettlement" of German Jews who had arrived in autumn 1941. The aim of the misleading designation was to transport them to the Chelmno (Kulmhof) extermination camp 60 kilometers away and to murder them immediately in the gas trucks waiting there.
On the "house card" of Rubensstraße it is noted that the Seligsohn couple had already been expelled on 25 April 1942. However, the chronicle of the ghetto does not record a transport on this day, but from 25 to 26 April a control commission checked those working in the ghetto, as the chronicle stated, to determine the actual number of workers and to weed out those unfit for work. Perhaps on these two days they were among those who were no longer considered fit for work.

On which day in May Paula and Paul Seligsohn were "resettled" to Chelmno is not recorded in the archive of the ghetto documents. Both were declared dead in 1952 by order of the Hamburg District Court at the end of 1945.

The fate of the relatives:
Paul's brother Ludwig Seligsohn was deported to Minsk ghetto with his wife Gertha, née Mendel (born 8 Oct 1890) and son Walter (born 29 July 1928) on 8 November 1941. Their eldest son Hermann (born 8 Dec 1922) had already been murdered in the Brandenburg an der Havel killing centre on 23 September 1940 (see www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de).

The sister Hedwig Laser, née Seligsohn, lived with her husband, the tailor Moritz Laser (born 21 Aug 1885 in Wongrowitz), last at Heinrich-Barth-Straße 17. Together with their youngest son Hermann (born 19 Nov 1920) they managed to escape to Paraguay in April 1939. Their son Werner (born 1 Apr 1916) had already emigrated to Argentina on 13 April 1938. (For the brothers of Moritz Laser see www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de).

Of the Katz children from Guxhagen, only four of Paula's siblings survived: Willy Katz (born 5 Apr 1895) lived with his family in Recklingshausen at Steinstraße 13, and his son Lothar (born 21 March 1925) managed to emigrate to Palestine at the end of 1939. Shortly before their imminent deportation to Riga, Willy Katz and his wife Johanna, née Fernbach (born 25 May 1898, died 1946) fled to Berlin, where they lived through the end of the war in hiding.

Ludwig Katz (born 9 Dec 1899), the youngest brother, was a tailor. He and his wife Berthilde, née Weinstein (born 21 Sep 1906 in Nesselroden), were able to emigrate from Würzburg to Palestine in February 1939. Ludwig Katz died in Israel in 1970.

The youngest sister Johanna/Hanna Katz (born 28 June 1901), who had married Alvin Feilman in Dortmund on 17 Jan 1932, was apparently also able to escape from Germany.

The eldest brother David Katz (born 9 Sep 1884) had married Selma Mathias (born 19 Oct 1882 in Liebenau) on 26 June 1914. The couple lived in Kassel with their daughter Irmgard (born 1 Apr 1915, died 21 Apr 2006 in Israel). This branch of the family was also able to emigrate to Palestine.

Max Katz (born 24 March 1892), already mentioned above in the text, had married Henny Plaut (born 25 Oct 1904) in Frankershausen on 7 July 1929. On 20 June 1939 he fled to Rotterdam, hoping to be able to emigrate from there to the USA. After the invasion of the German Wehrmacht on 10 May 1940, Max Katz was trapped in the Netherlands and was unable to obtain an entry permit for his family. In 1941 he moved to Wolffstraat 5 in Gouda. Max Katz was deported from Westerbork to Sobibor on 28 May 1943 and murdered there.
His wife Henny lived with their joint children Rolf Bernhard (born 15 July 1930 in Düsseldorf) and Hilla (born 2 March 1940 in Recklinghausen) in Recklinghausen in Roonstraße 13. On 31 March 1942, they were deported from the "Judenhaus" in Kellerstraße 21 via Gelsenkirchen to the ghetto in Warsaw.
A stumbling block was laid for Max Katz in 2017 in front of the house at Elisabeth-Wolffstraat 5 in Gouda.

Benjamin Katz (born 26 Aug 1887), also a tailor, had married the tailor Cornelie Kugelmann (born 26 Feb 1889 in Lauterbach) in Gießen on 11 August 1920. The couple lived at Alicenstraße 30 until they were forced to move into the "Judenhaus" at Walltorstraße 42 in 1940. On 9 November 1938, during the pogrom, Benjamin Katz was arrested and interned in the Buchenwald concentration camp. Due to the severe mistreatment he experienced there, he was no longer able to work in his profession after his release. He died of the consequences of imprisonment in Gießen on 5 September 1942. The name of Cornelie Katz and daughter Gertrud Berta (born 30 May 1922 in Gießen) are on the deportation list for a transport on 30 September 1942 from Darmstadt with the destination Generalgouvernement. Presumably the transport went to Treblinka. Stumbling blocks at Stephanstraße 43 and another for Gertrud Katz in front of the Ricarda Huch School in Gießen commemorate them.

Sally Katz (born 30 July 1890) had married Gertrude/ Trude Kling (born 26 March 1903 in Speyer) on 9 September 1925. The couple lived with their son Bernhard Günther (born 17 Aug 1929 in Mannheim) at Wormserstraße 23 in Speyer. Sally Katz was arrested during the November pogrom of 1938 and held in the Dachau concentration camp until 15 December 1938. Sally and Gertrud Katz, together with their son Bernhard, became victims of one of the early deportations on 22 October 1940: The NSDAP Gauleiters of Baden and Saarpfalz had ordered the 6.500 Jews there deported to France. The Katz family was sent to the Gurs internment camp in south-west France, from where they went via the sub-camp Camp Les Milles to the Drancy collection camp near Paris. Bernhard was able to escape to Switzerland on 17 August 1942 on a bus belonging to the children's aid organisation OSE (Œuvre de secoursauxenfants). His parents were deported to Auschwitz on the same day and murdered. Bernhard Katz later emigrated to the USA, where an aunt lived.

Selma Katz (born 20 Nov 1893) had married Leopold Blumhof (born 18 March 1896 in Grebenau) on 10 March 1925. The couple lived with their son Manfred (born 25 Feb 1930) at Sellestraße 45 in Guxhagen. On 9 December 1941, all three were deported from Kassel to the ghetto in Riga. Manfred Blumhof was deported to Auschwitz on 2 November 1943. His father Leopold Blumhof was transferred to Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig on 9 August 1944 and from there to Buchenwald concentration camp on 16 August 1944, where he died of cardiovascular failure on 18 February 1945, according to the prisoner personnel card. The date of Selma Blumhof 's death is unknown.

The eldest sister Berta/ Bertha Katz (born 19 Nov 1885) had married the butcher Emil Katz (born 23 Feb 1888 in Guxhagen) in Guxhagen on 18 June 1919, who had already died in Guxhagen on 16 May 1922. Bertha Katz and her son Lothar (born 26 Apr 1920) were also deported from Kassel to Riga on 9 December 1941.

Bella Katz (born 5 Nov 1897) had married Menni Katz (born 2 July 1894 in Neumorschen) on 7 November 1923. They lived in Neumorschen, house no. 61. The couple was deported in 1942 together with their children Gertrud (born 25 Sep 1925), Bettina (born 17 July 1926) and Bernd/ Bernhardt (born 6 March 1930) from Frankfurt am Main with unknown destination. None survived.

Paul and Paula Seligsohn's daughter Inge found her way to England despite initial difficulties. She deposited memorial sheets for her parents in the Israeli memorial Yad Vashem in 1981. Inge Lusk died in Caerleon South Wales in 1994. She is survived by four sons, six grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

Translator: Sönke Lohse

Stand: July 2021
© Susanne Rosendahl

Quellen: 1; 5; 8; StaH 314-15_FVg 5086; StaH 314-15_FVg 5292; StaH 351-11_6884 (Rosenblatt, David) StaH 213-13_27528 (Seligsohn, Paul); StaH 351-11_43663 (Lusk, Inge Herma); StaH 213-11_62449; StaH 351-11 8247 (Laser, Moritz); StaH 332-5_6222 u. 2311/1882; StaH 332-5_2124 u. 575/1886; StaH 332-5_8152 u. 236/1938; StaH 332-5_3131 u. 471/1909; StaH 522-1 Jüdische Gemeinde Nr. 992 e 2 Band 1; StaH 522-1 Jüdische Gemeinde Nr. 992 e 2 Band 2; www.ancestry.de Heiratsregister von Paul Seligsohn und Paula Katz am 16. Juni 1919 in Hessen (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.ancestry.de Geburtsregister von Paula Katz am 12.1.1889 in Hessen (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.ancestry.de Heiratsregister von Bernhardt Katz und Jetchen Rosenblatt am 13.11.1883 in Hessen (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.ancestry.de Geburtsregister von Bertha Katz am 19.11.1885 in Hessen (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.ancestry.de Heiratsregister von Benjamin Katz am 11.8.1920 in Gießen (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.ancestry.de Sterberegister von Benjamin Katz am 5.9.1942 in Gießen (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.ancestry.de Sterberegister Emil Katz am 16.5.1922 in Guxhagen (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.ancestry.de öffentliche Mitgliedergeschichten Sally Katz (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.ancestry.de Ludwig Katz in der Sammlung Deutschland: Juden in Würzburg (Zugriff 6.6.2021); https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/search/?s=leopold%20Blumhof (Zugriff 21.1.2021); https://docplayer.org/34703981-Zur-deportation-der-guxhagener-juden-in-das-ghetto-riga-vor-65-jahren.html
(Zugriff 6.2.2021); http://totenbuch.buchenwald.de/names/details/person/27929/ref/recherche (Zugriff 6.2.2021); www.alemanniajudaica.de/images/Images%20436/Neumorschen%20ITS%20Liste%201962.pdf (Zugriff 6.2.2021); http://juden-in-weinheim.de/de/personen/k/katz-bella.html (Zugriff 6.2.2021); www.statistik-des-holocaust.de/list_ger_hhn_420930.html (Zugriff 6.6.2021); Monika Graulich: Benjamin und Cornelie Katz, www.giessen.de/index.php?ModID=7&FID=2874.1338.1&object=tx%7C2874.1338.1 (Zugriff 6.6.2021); Johannes P. Bruno, Der Sturm bricht los, Speyerer Soldaten jüdischen Glaubens 1914-1918, S. 91-93, https://f.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/1426/files/2014/04/Julius-S%C3%83%C2%BCssel_NEU.pdf (Zugriff 6.6.2021); www.mappingthelives.org (Zugriff 21.1.2021); Jüdische Personenstandsregister von Guxhagen, https://arcinsys.hessen.de/arcinsys/digitalisatViewer.action?detailid=v3271671&selectId=45906460; (Zugriff 21.1.2021); Digitalisate von HHStAW Bestand 365 Nr. 406; https://arcinsys.hessen.de/arcinsys/digitalisatViewer.action?detailid=v2126651&selectId=45906330 (Zugriff 21.1.2021); Sterberegister der Juden von Guxhagen 1852-1938 (HHStAW Abt. 365 Nr. 408) Autor Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Wiesbaden (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.alemannia-judaica.de/guxhagen_synagoge.htm (Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.ushmm.org/online/hsv/person_view.php?PersonId=1978839(Zugriff 21.1.2021); www.nationaalarchief.nl/en/research/archive/2.19.255.01/invnr/75949A/file/NL-HaNA_2.19.255.01_75949A_0001 (Zugriff 6.6.2021); www.statistik-des-holocaust.de/list_ger_wfn_420331.html (Zugriff 6.6.2021); www.joodsmonument.nl (Zugriff 6.6.2021); www.recklinghausen.de/Inhalte/Startseite/Ruhrfestspiele_Kultur/Gedenkbuch/_Opferbuch_selfdb.asp?form=detail&db=545&id=331 (Zugriff 6.6.2021); Georg Möllers / Jürgen Pohl: Abgemeldet nach "unbekannt" 1942, Die Deportation der Juden aus dem Vest Recklinghausen nach Riga, hrsg. von der Gesellschaft für Christlich-Jüdische Zusammenarbeit Recklinghausen, Klartext Verlag, Essen 2013; Franz-Josef Wittstamm, Spuren im Vest Juden im Vest Recklinghausen, digital https://spurenimvest.de/2020/09/23/katz-willi/ (Zugriff 6.6.2021); Biographische Datenbank Jüdisches Unterfranken: www.historisches-unterfranken.uniwuerzburg.de/juf/Datenbank; (Zugriff 6.6.2021); www.yadvashem.org/de.html (Zugriff 6.5.2021); Die Chronik des Gettos Lodz/Litzmannstadt, 1942, Wallenstein Verlag 2007, S. 127-131; Beate Meyer (Hrsg.) Deutsche Jüdinnen und Juden in den Ghettos und Lagern (1941-1945), Lodz, Chelmno, Minsk, Riga, Auschwitz, Theresienstadt, Berlin 2017, darin auch; Ingo Loose, Das Vernichtungslager Kulmhof am Ner (Chelmnon ad Nerem) 1941- 1945, S. 54 -75; Briefe von Paula und Paul Seligsohn an ihre Tochter in England, Privatbesitz Paul Lusk.
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