Search for Names, Places and Biographies

Betty Oettinger 1928
© Privat

Betty Oettinger (née Ettinghausen) * 1907

Haynstraße 2 (Hamburg-Nord, Eppendorf)

HIER WOHNTE
BETTY OETTINGER
GEB. ETTINGHAUSEN
JG. 1907
FLUCHT 1933 HOLLAND
INTERNIERT WESTERBORK
DEPORTIERT 1944
THERESIENSTADT
1944 AUSCHWITZ
ERMORDET

further stumbling stones in Haynstraße 2:
Herbert Oettinger, Elinor Oettinger, Ralf Joseph Oettinger

Betti Oettinger, née Ettinghausen, born on 14 Feb. 1907 in Frankfurt/ Main, deported on 26 Feb. 1944 from the Netherlands to Theresienstadt, deported in Oct. 1944 to Auschwitz

Haynstrasse 2 (Eppendorf)

Betti Ettinghausen was born in Frankfurt/Main in 1907 as the second child of Edmund Seligmann Ettinghausen (1881–1943) and Selma Ettinghausen, née Stern (1883–1943) and named after her paternal grandmother, Betty Ettinghausen, née Schwarzschild. The parents had married in Kitzingen on 12 Feb. 1905. Her father Edmund was from Frankfurt. Her mother Selma was a native of Kitzingen/Main in Bavaria, where Jews had only been allowed to settle again since 1861. The Moorish-style synagogue in Kitzingen, built in 1883, illustrated the upswing of the Community, which at that time numbered about 350 people. The work pursued by the Jewish residents of Kitzingen centered mostly on the wine and livestock trade; Sigmund Stern (born in 1855), the father of Betti’s mother, was also a wine merchant and part owner of his father’s Hirsch Stern & Lazarus Schloß wine shop (at Herrenstrasse 4).

Betti was born into a Jewish Orthodox milieu. Already her maternal great-grandfather, banker Emanuel Schwarzschild (1825–1896), belonged in 1852/1853 (as did Baron Wilhelm Karl von Rothschild) to the school council of the newly established school of the Orthodox Israelite Religious Community (Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft – IRG) in Frankfurt/Main, which had been founded in 1850 as a split-off from the main Community. Moreover, at the time the new school was built in 1881/1882, Emanuel Schwarzschild was chair of the school board as well as president of the board of the IRG.

In addition, he was a co-founder of the B’nai B’rith Lodge in Frankfurt in 1888 and a board member of the "Free Association for the Interests of Orthodox Judaism” ("Freie Vereinigung für die Interessen des orthodoxen Judentums”). His close ties with the neo-orthodox denomination of the Israelite Religious Community (Kehilath Jeshurun) were also continued by his daughter Betty Ettinghausen, née Schwarzschild (1857–1902), and her husband Emanuel Ettinghausen. Their "Emanuel and Betty Ettinghausen Foundation” was one of the Jewish foundations "closely associated” with the IRG School.

Betti had two siblings, Richard Ettinghausen (1906–1979) and Alice Helene Ettinghausen, later married name Wreschner (1910–1945). The Ettinghausen family lived at Palmstrasse 11 (Nordend-Ost) near the Friedberger Anlage, a part of the Frankfurter Wallanlage (Frankfurt ramparts). Betti’s grandfather, Emanuel Ettinghausen (1845–1913), had bought the house in 1886, and since that time, the Ettinghausens lived there on the second floor. After their wedding in 1905, Betti’s parents lived on the third floor of the house. In 1909, the ground floor apartment was occupied by the lawyer Siegfried Schwarzschild (1879–1929), an uncle of Betti, who opened a book and antiquarian art shop in the building around 1920. The adjacent Ostend quarter was a preferred residential area for Frankfurt’s Orthodox Jews. Therefore, the site Friedberger Anlage 5-6 (Ostend) was chosen for the construction of a new Orthodox synagogue of the Israelite Religious Community (IRG), where Frankfurt’s largest Jewish prayer house for 1,600 worshippers was built in 1905–1907. It was located about 300 meters (nearly 330 yards) from the Ettinghausen family home.

The father Edmund Ettinghausen (born on 5 Apr. 1881 in Frankfurt/Main) completed a two-year apprenticeship at the metal company of Gebrüder [Bros.] Mosbacher (Frankfurt/Main) after graduating from the Jewish-Orthodox Realschule [a practice-oriented secondary school up to grade 10] of the IRG and then worked in his father’s coin shop. Since 1922, he owned, together with his brother Felix Ettinghausen (born on 3 June 1892, emigrated in 1939, died in 1964) and Sally Rosenberg (born on 8 Jan. 1870 in Hannover), the renowned coin shop Sally Rosenberg oHG (general partnership) in Frankfurt/Main (Bürgerstrasse 9–11, today Wilhelm- Leuschner-Strasse), which their father Emanuel Ettinghausen and Sally Rosenberg had established in 1898.

Betti’s brother Richard, one year older, first attended the Realschule of the IRG (renamed Samson-Raphael-Hirsch-Schule in 1928) and later transferred to the municipal Realgymnasium "Musterschule” (Frankfurt-Nordend), where he passed his high school graduation exams (Abiturprüfung) in 1925. Due to the strong family ties to the Realschule der Israelitischen Religionsgemeinschaft (Am Tiergarten 8, today Bernhard-Grzimek-Allee) in Frankfurt-Ostend, it can be assumed that Betti and her sister Alice, who was three years her junior, also attended the Lyceum (girls’ high school) of this school. After ten years of school attendance, Betti probably graduated in 1923 or 1924.

On 27 Nov. 1928, 21-year-old Betti Ettinghausen married Herbert Noa Oettinger, a merchant from Hamburg who was eleven years her senior (born on 19 Jan. 1896 in Hamburg). After the marriage in a civil ceremony, there would also have been a wedding ceremony in a Frankfurt synagogue, presumably the one in the Friedberger Anlage.

The bridegroom was the son of the Hamburg merchant Joseph Oettinger (1863–1929), who together with his brothers continued the H. N. Oettinger & Co. import and export company for raw tobacco of their father Heimann Noa Oettinger (1823–1888). Joseph Oettinger belonged to the German-Israelitic Community in Hamburg and apparently served as a board member of the main Orthodox synagogue of Hamburg (on Kohlhöfen, from 1906 Bornplatzsynagoge). He was also one of the founding members in 1900, as well as first chair in 1903, of the Verein zur Förderung ritueller Speisehäuser e.V., a registered association for the promotion of ritual eateries based in Hamburg. Herbert Oettinger (see http://www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de) had attended the Talmud Tora School (a high school) in Hamburg, still on Kohlhöfen, had (presumably after a commercial apprenticeship in the tobacco industry) been drafted as a soldier in the First World War, had to fight on the Western Front, and was awarded the Iron Cross First Class. After the war, he settled in Amsterdam in 1919 and opened his own tobacco import company there. On 29 June 1925, he took Dutch citizenship.

According to the Hamburg directory, Herbert and Betti Oettinger lived at Haynstrasse 2/4 (Eppendorf) after their wedding. For the construction of this two-story house (in 1923/1924) by the architects Hans and Oskar Gerson, ten partners had joined forces to form the "Grundstücksgesellschaft Haynstrasse mbH,” a private limited real estate company, and thus also acquired the right to reside in one of the apartments. This model of the "tenant company” or "hire-purchase model” originated with the architects themselves. Herbert and Betti Oettinger had bought their shares.

"The apartment building (Haynstrasse 2/4) has built one of the most beautiful portals of the 1920s in Hamburg for its upper middle-class apartments, expressionistically decorative made of blue glazed clinker bricks (...).” In addition to two business shares totaling 5,400 RM (reichsmark), the Oettingers also owned a right of residence in the apartment at Haynstrasse 2 on the second floor to the left. After Herbert Oettinger emigrated, his mother Recha Oettinger took over the shares and moved into the apartment. In Dec. 1937, she sold the shares to an executive board member of the Reemtsma Company under pressure of persecution.

After his father’s death, Herbert Oettinger also joined the family business as a partner in 1929; in the same year, he became an independent member of the Hamburg German-Israelitic Community and the Orthodox Synagogue Association (Synagogenverband). Before Herbert Oettinger joined his grandfather’s business, he had the agreement on the separation of property with his wife Betti Oettinger entered in the register of matrimonial property of the Hamburg District Court (Amtsgericht) on 31 Dec. 1928. The wife’s assets were thus not liable vis-à-vis the company. On 7 Jan. 1929, Herbert Oettinger and his cousin Hellmuth Oettinger (1902–1957) were entered in the company register as partners. In May 1932, the business was liquidated.

Herbert and Betti Oettinger had moved with their two-and-a-half-year-old daughter Elinor (born on 8 Sept. 1929 in Hamburg) to Amsterdam in the Netherlands in the spring of 1932; the registration there took place only on 13 June 1932, for their residential address at Michelangelostraat 45. Their son Ralf was born there in Sept. 1933. The apartment was located in the Apollobuurt residential quarter, which had been built in the brick style of the "Amsterdamse School” in the south of the city from 1920 onwards according to the urban development concept called "Plan Zuid.” The residential quarter with its wide streets was mainly inhabited by members of the middle class – it was located southwest of the Jewish "Joodenbuurt” quarter.

After the establishment of the Nazi dictatorship in their homeland, Herbert and Betti Oettinger ultimately had no prospects of returning. They had been trying to build a new life in the Netherlands since 1932, and all family members had Dutch citizenship through Herbert Oettinger. Herbert Oettinger worked as an independent merchant operating his own company in the tobacco trade (at Vorburgwal 227). Elinor attended the progressive non-denominational 1st Montessori School (Corellistraat 1) and Ralf went to the Dalton School (Jan van Eyckstraat 21); both schools were only a few blocks from the parents’ home. For the family, the decision to stay permanently in the Netherlands precluded further emigration efforts to Great Britain or the United States. They were the first of their family to emigrate to the Netherlands, with other relatives to follow in the years to come.

The invasion of the neutral Netherlands by the German Wehrmacht in May 1940 also meant the end of a legally secure life and social participation for the Oettingers. The country’s borders were sealed off by the Wehrmacht and escape movements, including to Great Britain by ship, were prevented by force. The Nazi occupiers brought with them their racial ideology, their terror, and their experience in occupying and making subservient a democratic state.

Since 1941, Jews were no longer allowed to attend public schools in the occupied Netherlands. Henceforth, Elinor attended the "Joodse M.U.L.O.” in Amsterdam at the Barlaeus Lyceum (Weteringschans 255a/corner Reguliersgracht), founded in 1927 by the "Kennis en Godsvrucht” association. In the spring of 1943, the Nazi occupiers ordered the relocation of the school to the eastern district of Amsterdam-Transvaalbuurt, where a second Jewish residential ghetto was established. Due to the unsafe conditions in the occupied city and the long way to school, some Jewish parents joined forces and had their children educated at home. After initial doubts, however, Elinor attended the "Joodse M.U.L.O.” at the new location – she did not want to miss the school and her classmates. At school, she became friends with Robert Heilbut (born on 26 May 1929 in Hamburg), also an emigrant child from Germany since 1933. Due to the ordinance dating from May 1943, his family had to move from Zuider Amstellaan 89 (today Rooseveltlaan, Scheldebuurt) to Majubastraat 59 (Transvaalbuurt) to the east.

Herbert’s widowed mother Recha Oettinger had also emigrated to Amsterdam in Jan. 1938, where she registered on 5 Feb 1938 as residing at Euterpestraat 108 (Huize Lindemann). Her valuable furniture was auctioned on her behalf by her agent through Carl F. Schlüter auctioneers in Hamburg (at Alsterufer 12).

In Jan. 1933 Betti’s maternal grandparents, Sigmund (Süss) Stern (1855–1939) and Eva Stern, née Bodenheimer (born in 1862), had relocated from Kitzingen to Frankfurt/Main. There they lived as subtenants with daughter and son-in-law Ettinghausen at Palmstrasse 11. After the emigration of Edmund and Selma Ettinghausen in Nov. 1938, they probably moved within Frankfurt. Sigmund Stern died in Aug. 1939 in the Jewish Hospital at Gagernstrasse 36, after which Eva Stern emigrated to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. In the period from July 1940 to Oct. 1941, she lived at Lomanstraat 51 (Willemspark). She died in Amsterdam on 27 Mar. 1942.

Betti Oettinger’s parents fled from Frankfurt/Main (Palmstrasse 11) on 26 Nov. 1938 to join their daughters and their families in Amsterdam. Edmund Ettinghausen had had to close the coin shop in Aug. 1938. In the November Pogrom of 1938, the Friedberger Anlage synagogue in the immediate vicinity of their home was destroyed. The house at Palmstrasse 11 was listed in the Frankfurt directory of 1940 with the owner’s name indicated as "Ettinghausen (abroad)” and the addition "Weber Hausverwaltung (Oppenheimer Landstrasse 40),” a property management company; as of 1941, the pensioner Karl Goldbach (Robert-Koch-Strasse 10) was listed as the owner of the house.

In Amsterdam, Edmund and Selma Ettinghausen lived for about one and a half years at Rubensstraat 38, then for two months at Euterpestraat 173, and from 3 Sept. 1940 at Michelangelostraat 45.

After the invasion of the German Wehrmacht in May 1940, the German Jews were also exposed to anti-Jewish persecution and plundering there. The systematic nature and meticulousness of the approach left the victims almost no way out; in case of violation, arrest and imprisonment threatened. Half a year after the occupation, the assets were recorded nationwide. On 22 Oct. 1940, an ordinance came into force according to which Jews had to register their companies and business shares with the respective values. On 8 Aug. 1941, the Ordinance "on the treatment of Jewish capital assets” stipulated that securities accounts and credit balances of Jews were to be transferred to the Lippmann Rosenthal & Co. banking house, "Liro” (Amsterdam), which had been under German administration since the occupation. Jewish companies, associations, and private individuals had to register these values if they had assets of ten thousand guilders or more and an annual income of three thousand guilders or more. As in Nazi Germany, Jewish account and securities account holders had to have withdrawals and sales approved. In May 1942, the regulations were extended; at this time, the Oettingers had to hand in jewelry, gold and silver objects, as well as art objects and antiques to the "Liro plunder bank” ("Raubbank Liro”).

An ordinance on the obligation to register Jews took effect on 27 Jan. 1941, based on which the identity cards (Dutch: "identiteitsbewijzen”) were marked with a "J.” Starting in May 1942, Jews in the Netherlands had to wear a yellow star on their clothes. On 4 July 1942, the German occupying forces called on Jews to report to the Westerbork camp, which was by then under German command, for "labor deployment to Germany.” When only a few people obeyed these instructions, the first big raid took place ten days later. In the following months, Jews from the Netherlands were systematically interned in the Westerbork "transit camp” and deported by trains to extermination camps in the conquered Eastern European territories.

Herbert Oettinger, as "Districtsleider Zuid HaV” (at Bachstraat 1), was one of the members of the Amsterdam Jews’ Council ("Joodse Raad”), created by the German occupying power on 12 Feb. 1941, who had to provide organizational support for the "emigration” of Community members (HaV = Hulp aan Vertrekkenden = help for departing persons). The Jews’ Council also endeavored to help the inmates of the Westerbork camp with clothing and food, as state social services had stopped support for Jews at the behest of the occupiers. Some 400 to 500 people worked for the H.a.V. organization; "the managers of these district offices were businessmen of high standing who were capable of organizing their difficult work,” wrote Gertrud van Tijn, née Cohn (1891–1974).

Due to Herbert Oettinger’s work for the Amsterdam Jews’ Council ("Joodse Raad”), whose headquarters were located on Kaizersgracht, the family was temporarily exempted from deportation. Efforts were underway by the Jewish Community of Amsterdam to obtain 2,500 emigration certificates for families to Palestine for whom the Foreign Office in Berlin approved departure from the occupied Netherlands. The Heilbut family already possessed the necessary papers for Palestine. On 20 June 1943, however, most staff members of the Jews’ Council, too, were interned in the Westerbork transit camp.

In the meantime, a large part of the Dutch Jews had already been deported and only a few workers were still needed for further organizational tasks. The Oettinger family was also arrested in Amsterdam on 20 June 1943 and interned in the Westerbork concentration camp. Their identity papers were taken from them. Herbert Oettinger worked in the Jewish administration there as well, taking on duties in the camp’s postal administration. Fourteen-year-old Elinor joined a Zionist group in the Westerbork camp, whose members wanted to participate in the kibbutz movement in Palestine.

Their furniture left behind was confiscated immediately. In the 1950s, the executor Ernst Loewenberg stated in restitution proceedings before the Hamburg Regional Court (Landgericht) that furniture and household effects of the Oettinger family had been stored in 1943 with the Amsterdam-based De Gruyter & Co. and Transport-Mij. ‘Holland’ shipping companies and that they were confiscated by the "Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR)” in Mar. 1944. The task of this Nazi organization, headed by the Nazi party (NSDAP) ideologist Alfred Rosenberg, was the theft of cultural property owned by Jews and Freemasons in the countries occupied by the Wehrmacht. In many other cases, the Dutch shipping company of Abraham Puls (1902–1975) cleared out the apartments of the deportees on behalf of the "agency for registering household effects” ("Hausratserfassungsstelle”) as well as the ERR and sent the looted furnishings to Germany as "care packages from the Dutch people.” Those who enriched themselves with the Oettingers’ home furnishings can no longer be established for lack of corresponding documents – however, the theft is beyond all doubt.

Betti’s parents, who had been arrested on 11 Mar 1943, were also in the Westerbork camp. They were deported to the Sobibor extermination camp on 25 May 1943, where they were presumably murdered immediately upon arrival on 28 May 1943.

The Oettinger family of four was deported from the Westerbork camp to the Theresienstadt Ghetto, which was considered a "less severe” camp, on 25 Feb. 1944. This temporary "privilege” was granted because Herbert Oettinger had fought as a front-line soldier in the First World War. However, the ghetto was only a stopover in the Nazi system of camps. Betti Oettinger was quartered in the DIV building complex at Lange Strasse 16, 1/5. We do not know whether Herbert Oettinger was also accommodated there.

One may assume that Herbert and Betti Oettinger actively sought to leave the country through foreign institutions and persons since their capture. The only document known so far is a postcard sent by Betti Oettinger to Saly Meyer in Switzerland on 15 Sept. 1944: "Dear Mr. Meyer! I would be very grateful for the transmission of Mrs. Vanthijn’s (presumably Gertrud van Tijn is meant, note by B.E.) present address. If possible, please report to her that my husband, Herbert Oettinger and his family are here. Thanks, sincerely Betti Oettinger.” Saly Meyer (1882–1950) was the chair of the Swiss Federation of Jewish Communities (SIG) from 1936 to 1943 and organized financial aid through the American relief organization "JOINT” (The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Inc.) to take camp inmates to safety in or via Switzerland. It is possible that the text of Betti Oettinger’s postcard was a veiled request for help.

Only two weeks later, on 28 Sept. 1944, Herbert Oettinger was deported to the Auschwitz extermination camp and presumably murdered immediately upon arrival. His deportation to Auschwitz was concealed with the reference to an alleged work assignment in Germany.

Betti Oettinger and the children Elinor and Ralf were deported to Auschwitz in Oct. 1944 and murdered in the gas chambers immediately after arrival.

For Betti, Herbert, Elinor, and Ralph Oettinger as well as Edmund and Selma Ettinghausen, Stolpersteine were laid in Amsterdam (at Michelangelostraat 45) in 2016.
In the entrance area of the school building on Corellistraat, Elinor Oettinger (along with the other murdered students) has been commemorated on a memorial plaque since 2006.
In Hamburg, Stolpersteine were laid for the Oettinger family in July 2009 in front of the house at Haynstrasse 2 (Eppendorf).

Betti’s brother Richard Ettinghausen (born on 5 Feb. 1906 in Frankfurt/Main) managed to emigrate in time. After graduating from high school, he had studied art history at the universities of Frankfurt/Main (1926–1927), Munich (1927–1928), Cambridge (1928–1929), and Frankfurt/Main (1929–1931). In 1931, he was awarded a doctorate in Frankfurt and subsequently obtained a position in Berlin at the State Museums in the Islamic Department. In 1934, he emigrated to the United States via Great Britain and became a U.S. citizen and professor at the University of Michigan in 1938.

Her sister Alice Wreschner, née Ettinghausen, also emigrated to the Netherlands. In Nov. 1933, she arrived in Amsterdam with her husband, attorney Arnold Hans Wreschner (born on 30 Nov. 1902 in Frankfurt/Main). Their three children were born there: Stephan Wolfgang on 2 Dec. 1934; Robert Emanuel on 10 Jan. 1937; and Ida Lucienne Gabrielle on 20 Apr. 1940. For the period from May 1938 to 1941, the Wreschner family’s residential address in Amsterdam was Rubensstraat 46.
In July 1941, Alice Wreschner’s German citizenship was revoked. On 15 Dec. 1943, Arnold Wreschner was reportedly sent to the Westerbork camp. On 15 Feb. 1944, Mr. and Mrs. Wreschner and their children were deported to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, and on 10 Apr. 1945, they were further deported with destination Theresienstadt Ghetto, as British troops were already approaching Bergen-Belsen. The train came to a halt on an open track near the Brandenburg community of Tröbitz. When Red Army units liberated the prisoners on 23 Apr. 1945, many of them were already dead, including Arnold Wreschner. Alice Wreschner died two weeks later on 7 May 1945, as a result of an epidemic. Their son Stephan had already perished in Bergen-Belsen on 21 Mar. 1945.

For Berta Ettinghausen, née Feitler (1861–1943), presumably a relative, a Stolperstein was laid in Frankfurt-Höchst in 2007, in front of her former villa at Emmerich-Josef-Strasse 39 (built around 1875). She had been married since 1881 to Max Ettinghausen (1853–1933), a grain and flour merchant, head of the Höchst Jewish Community (1902–1930) and a Höchst city councilor (1909–1919). After his death, she sold the villa in Höchst and moved to Frankfurt/Main (Guiolettstrasse 14).

In Apr. 1939, she fled to join her daughter Selma Schiff, née Ettinghausen (1883–1943), in Amsterdam and lived with her at Minervalaan 46, a street parallel to Michelangelostraat.
Berta Ettinghausen was arrested in Amsterdam during a police raid, deported to the Westerbork camp on 18 May 1943, and then further to the Sobibor extermination camp the same day; her daughter Selma Schiff was deported to Sobibor only a few weeks later on 6 July 1943 and murdered.

Translator: Erwin Fink
Kindly supported by the Hermann Reemtsma Stiftung, Hamburg.

Stand: May 2021
© Björn Eggert

Quellen: Hamburger Staatsarchiv (StaH) 213-13 (Landgericht Hamburg, Wiedergutmachung), 16390 (Jewish Trust Corporation für Recha Oettinger); StaH 213-13 (Landgericht Hamburg, Wiedergutmachung), 20350 (Recha Oettinger); StaH 231-7 (Handelsregister), A 1 Band 22 (H. N. Oettinger HR A 5718); StaH 231-7 (Handelsregister), B 1965-138 (H. N. Oettinger); StaH 314-15 (Oberfinanzpräsident), F 1894 (Recha Oettinger geb. Rau); StaH 332-5 (Standesämter), 242 u. 997/1888 (Sterberegister 1888, Heimann Noa Oettinger); StaH 332-5 (Standesämter), 8571 u. 20/1895 (Heiratsregister 1895, Joseph Oettinger u. Recha Rau); StaH 332-5 (Standesämter), 8097 u. 320/1929 (Sterberegister 1929, Joseph Oettinger); StaH 332-7 (Staatsangehörigkeitsaufsicht), A I e 40 Band 7 (Bürger-Register 1845–1875 L–R) Heinr. Noa Oettinger (Nr. 470/ 20.4.1855); StaH 332-7 (Staatsangehörigkeitsaufsicht), A I e 40 Band 10 (Bürger-Register 1876-1896 L-Z) Joseph Oettinger (Nr. 17041/6.6.1890); StaH 332-8 (Meldewesen), A 24 Band 120 (Reisepassprotokolle 1914, Nr. 1467 Herbert Oettinger); StaH 351-11 (Amt für Wiedergutmachung), 49467 (Elinor Oettinger); StaH 351-11 (Amt für Wiedergutmachung), 1101 (Sophie Heilbut geb. Elias, darin Robert Heilbut erwähnt); StaH 522-1 (Jüdische Gemeinde), 992b (Kultussteuerkartei der Deutsch Israelitischen Gemeinde Hamburg) Hellmuth Oettinger, Herbert Oettinger, Joseph Oettinger/Recha Oettinger; Landesarchiv Berlin, Heiratsregister 281/1922 (Felix Ettinghausen u. Elsbeth Posen); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Heiratsregister Frankfurt/Main 857/1877 (Emanuel Ettinghausen, Mauerweg 14 u. Betty Schwarzschild); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Geburtsregister Frankfurt/Main 1124/1881 (Edmund Ettinghausen, Mauerweg 20); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Heiratsregister Darmstadt 47/1882 (Süss Stern u. Eva Bodenheimer); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Sterberegister Frankfurt/Main 542/1889 (Ludwig Moritz Ettinghausen); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Geburtsregister Frankfurt/Main 2237/1892 (Felix Ettinghausen); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Heiratsregister Frankfurt/Main 1509/1894 (Sally Rosenberg u. Alma Baumann); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Heiratsregister Frankfurt/Main 117/1903 (Sophie Selma Ettinghausen u. Moritz Schiff); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Sterberegister Frankfurt 954/1913 (Emanuel Ettinghausen); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Heiratsregister Frankfurt/Main 1208/1928 (Herbert Noa Oettinger u. Betti Ettinghausen); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Sterberegister Frankfurt/Main 325/1929 (Dr. Siegfried Seligmann Schwarzschild); Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Sterberegister Frankfurt/Main 1049/1939 ( Süß Stern); Institut für Stadtgeschichte Frankfurt/Main, Gewerbesteuerkartei (Sally Rosenberg oHG; Kurzbiografie zu Bankier Emanuel Schwarzschild), Hausstandsbuch (Emmerich-Josef-Str. 39 I); Universitätsarchiv Frankfurt/ Main, UAF Abt. 136, Nr. 518 (Promotionsakte von Richard Ettinghausen); Jüdisches Museum Frankfurt/Main (Informationen zu Edmund Ettinghausen); Stadtarchiv Kitzingen, Eheregister 1905, Alte Einwohnermeldekartei (Sigmund Stern); Stadsarchief/ Stadtarchiv Amsterdam, Gemeinde Amsterdam, Persoonkaarten (Herbert Noa Oettinger, Betti Oettinger geb. Ettinghausen, Elinor Oettinger, Ralf Oettinger, Recha Oettinger geb. Rau, Edmund Ettinghausen, Selma Ettinghausen geb. Stern, Eva Stern geb. Bodenheimer, Berta Ettinghausen geb. Feitler, Arnold Hans Wreschner, Alice Helene Wreschner geb. Ettinghausen, Stephan Wolfgang Wreschner, Robert Emanuel Wreschner, Ida Lucienne Gabrielle Wreschner, Heinrich Martin Heilbut); Yad Vashem, Gedenkblatt/ Page of Testimony (Betty Oettinger, erstellt 1965, ohne Foto); Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, RG-72.11.91 (Postkarte von Betti Oettinger/ Theresienstadt an Saly Meyer/ St. Gallen, Schweiz, 15.9.1944); Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Gedenkbuch für die Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung in Deutschland 1933-1945, div.; Handelskammer Hamburg, Handelsregisterinformationen, (H. N. Oettinger & Co, HR A 5718); Adressbuch Frankfurt/ Main (Ettinghausen) 1898, 1900, 1905, 1912; Adressbuch Frankfurt/ Main (Arnold Wreschner, Rechtsanwalt, Bockenheimer Anlage 50) 1933; Adressbuch Frankfurt/ Main (Dr. S. Schwarzschild, Palmstr. 11) 1909, 1910, 1912, 1918-1921, 1926, 1928, 1929; Adressbuch Frankfurt/ Main (Palm-Straße 11) 1886, 1887, 1890, 1895, 1898, 1909, 1912, 1920, 1926, 1929, 1940, 1941, 1943; Adressbuch Hamburg (Herbert Oettinger) 1930–1932; Georg Czapski, Die Judengesetzgebung der deutschen Verwaltung waehrend der Besetzung der Niederlande im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Den Haag ca. 1945, S. 7–8, 14, 18, 20–21; Dr. Elias Fink, Mitteilungen aus der Geschichte der Realschule der Israelitischen Religionsgesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main 1915-1925, S. 34 (Emanuel und Betty Ettinghausen-Stiftung); Martin Gilbert, Endlösung – Die Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Juden – ein Atlas, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1982, S. 106, 160 (Westerbork); Meir Hildesheimer/ Matthias Morgenstern, Rabbiner Samson Raphael Hirsch in der deutschsprachigen jüdischen Presse, Berlin 2013, S. 235, 264 (Emanuel Schwarzschild); Hermann Hipp, DuMont-Kunst-Reiseführer Hamburg, Köln 1990, S. 396 (Haynstraße 2–4); Claus-Dieter Krohn/Patrik von zur Mühlen/Gerhard Paul/ Lutz Winckler (Hrsg.), Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration 1933–1945, 2008, S. 321–331 (Niederlande); Koordinierungsstelle für Kulturgutverluste Magdeburg (Hrsg.), Kulturgüter im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Verlagerung – Auffindung – Rückführung, Magdeburg 2007, S. 27, 29–30 (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg); Frank Meier Loewenberg, H.N.Oettinger Family Tree, Jerusalem 2004; Emanuel Schwarzschild, Die Gründung der Israelitischen Religionsgesellschaft zu Frankfurt am Main und ihre Weiterentwicklung bis zum Jahre 1876, Frankfurt/ Main 1896; Jürgen Sielemann, Aber seid alle beruhigt. Briefe von Regina van Son an ihre Familie 1941–1942, Hamburg 2005, S. 135, 138, 140–143, 145-147, 150, 164, 170, 179, 206/207 (Herbert Oettinger); Jürgen Sielemann, "Weit über Deutschlands Grenzen hinaus". Der Verein zur Förderung ritueller Speisehäuser e.V., in: Liskor – Erinnern, Magazin der Hamburger Gesellschaft für jüdische Genealogie e.V., Nr. 2, Juni 2016, S. 6, 15 (Joseph Oettinger); Roland Tasch, Samson Raphael Hirsch, Berlin 2011, S. 241 (Emanuel Schwarzschild); Gertrud Van Tijn, Contribution towards the history of the Jews in Holland from May 10th, 1940 to June 1944, Naharia/ Palästina, 2.10.1944, S. 49 (Herbert Oettinger); Wolfgang Voigt, Hans und Oskar Gerson. Hanseatische Moderne, Hamburg 2000, S. 28, 74–79, 101 (Großwohnhäuser); http://blankgenealogy.com/getperson.php?personID=I10159&tree=Blank1 (Herbert u. Betty Oettinger, eingesehen 17.9.2018); http://www.museumoftolerance.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=tmL6KfNVLtH&b=9168051&ct=7942721 (Ralf Oettinger, eingesehen 17.9.2018); https://www.geni.com/people/Betty-Oettinger/6000000011206535816 (Betty Oettinger); https://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=1907322&_ffmpar[_id_inhalt]=3570826 (Stolperstein Berta Ettinghausen); https://geschichtsvereinhoechst.de/spurensuche-familie-ettinghausen-in-frankfurt-hoechst (Max Ettinghausen); www.joodsmonument.nl (Berta Ettinghausen geb. Feitler, Selma Schiff geb. Ettinghausen, Arnold Wreschner, Alice Wreschner geb. Ettinghausen, Eva Stern geb. Bodenheimer); www.joodsamsterdam.nl/scholen-index (Daltonschool, nach der deutschen Besetzung Jüdische Schule Nr. 13); www.ancestry.de (Alice Wreschner geb. Ettinghausen: 9.7.1941 deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft entzogen); www.ancestry.de (Richard Ettinghausen: 5.12.1934 mit "Majestic" von Southampton nach New York; US-Einzugsregisterkarten 2. Weltkrieg; 22.9.1945 Heirat in den USA mit Elizabeth Sgalitzer); www.ancestry.de (Felix Ettinghausen: 21.11.1939 ausländische Internierte im 2. Weltkrieg in GB); www.jüdische-gemeinde.de (Kitzingen/ Main); www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de (Herbert Oettinger); Bericht von Robert Bar-Chaim (Heilbut), Israel 2004 (Elinor Oettinger u. Joodse Mulo); YouTube, Straten van Amsterdam - Corellistraat, 2019 (Interview mit niederländischer Zeitzeugin zur Montessorischule); Informationen und Fotos von Frank Loewenberg, 2016 und 2019.