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Georg Sacke 1943
© Privatarchiv Dr. Volker Hölzer, Leipzig

Dr. Georg Sacke * 1902

Hallerstraße 6 (Eimsbüttel, Rotherbaum)

KZ Neuengamme
Todesmarsch, Tot 26.04.1945

further stumbling stones in Hallerstraße 6:
Pauline Biram, Wally Daniel, Max Daniel, Alfred Friedensohn, Gertrud Friedensohn, Nann(y)i Hattendorf

Georg Sacke, born 2 Jan. 1902 in Kishinjow/Bessarabia, died 26.4 1945
Hallerstraße 6

Two weeks before the liberation of the Neuengamme concentration camp, Georg Sacke was killed on the death march to Lübeck. He was 43 years old.

Heinrich Himmler's order that no camp be handed over, no inmate should fall alive into the hands of the enemy, was held to until the end in Neuengamme. The approximately 10,000 starving and abused inmates remaining in the main camp were "evacuated." To where? - Another camp was no longer an option in these last days of Nazi rule. So Karl Kaufmann, the Nazi Party Gauleiter of Hamburg, seized the Cap Arcona, a former luxury steamer, the cargo ship Thielbek, and other ships anchored in the Bay of Lübeck as "floating concentration camps." Between 20 and 26 Apr. 1945, the prisoners from Neuengamme were "freighted” to Lübeck by train or marched on foot. The destination was the Vorwerk industrial harbor. From there they were "loaded" to the ships anchored in the Bay of Lübeck. Only a few prisoners were left behind to eliminate the traces of the crimes committed by the SS and burn the files of the camp administration. So on 2 May 1945, when British soldiers entered Neuengamme, they found a deserted camp. Unlike Bergen-Belsen, there are no pictures to document the horrors of the concentration camp.

The inmates’ death march ended in disaster a day later. On 3 May 1945 – one day before the capitulation of the German armed forces in the Northwest – RAF bombers sunk the Cap Arcona and the Thielbek in the belief that they were carrying troops. Only 400 of the 7800 prisoneres who were crammed into the holds of the two ships survived.

Georg Sacke arrived at the Vorwerk industrial harbor in Lübeck on 26 April 1945. During the roll-call of the prisoners before embarkation he collapsed. Whether he was already dead at this time, or whether it was the blows and kicks of an SS guard that led to his death, will never be known. He was buried the next day in a mass grave at the Vorwerk cemetery. Despite a strict prohibition, a cemetery worker recorded the prisoner numbers, including the number 01157. The number led to Georg Sacke’s name, but nothing more was in the Neuengamme documents, however, than the entry "nationality unknown." A list detailing the belongings confiscated from the camp inmates, among which was Georg Sacke’s pocket watch, identified him as Latvian.

After the war, Georg Sacke was honored as an anti-fascist in the GDR, especially in Leipzig. A street and the Municipal Clinic for Orthopedics and Physiotherapy were named after him, although the "Dr. Sacke-Klinik "was absorbed into in the newly built municipal hospital in 2008. Since then, the city’s in-hospital school has been called the Dr.-Georg-Sacke-Schule. A bust in honor of him stands on the former clinic grounds. In 2004, a Leipzig publishing house published Volker Hölzer’s biography Georg and Rosemarie Sacke - two Leipzig Intellectuals and Anti-fascists from Leipzig. The following account is based on this book.

Georg Sacke was the seventh of nine children of Julius and Emilie Sacke. He was born on 20 Dec. 1901 according to the Julian calendar used in the Tsarist Empire. When the Gregorian calendar was introduced after the October Revolution, the date became 2 Jan. 1902. His place of birth was Kishinev (today Chisinau, the capital of the Republic of Moldova), the capital of the Russian province of Bessarabia until 1918. Here he graduated from the Second Imperial Russian Boys' Gymnasium in May 1918, where his father was also a teacher. When Bessarabia was ceded to Romania after the First World War, Julius Sacke, as a "Russian patriot", refused to accept Romanian citizenship and the Sacke family became stateless.

Julius and Emilie Sacke, Georg's parents, were originally from Livonia, one of the three Baltic provinces of the Tsarist Empire until 1918, and today a part of Latvia. Sacke (also Sakke or Zacke) was the Latvian form of the name Haase. Julius Sacke was born near Riga in 1861, the son of a free farmer. Serfdom had been abolished in the Baltic provinces at the beginning of the 19th century. It was not abolished in Russia until 1861. As a younger son, he was not entitled to inherit his father’s property, but his father made it possible for him to study at a German university. Julius studied German and classical languages at the University of Leipzig and then returned to the Russian Empire. In 1888 he married Elise Emilie Freudenfeldt in Riga. She was from a German-Baltic artisan family. Both were baptized in the Lutheran church. Emilie Sacke spoke little or no Russian, so German was spoken in the Sacke home. The family probably belonged to the more liberal Russian educated bourgeoisie. Georg’s four older sisters went to college, even before 1918. Three became teachers, one was an engineer. The brothers also went to college, with the exception of Georg's eldest brother, who inherited his grandfather's farm in Livonia/Latvia. Their studies began later than usual, however, due to the occupation of Bessarabia by Romania. They neither could nor wanted to study at a Romanian university, since they didn’t speak the language. After leaving school, therefore, Georg worked as a craftsman, as had his brothers.

In 1921, the city of Leipzig granted the "Russian citizen Georg Sacke" a residence permit for the duration of his studies, backed by a document issued by the "Russian Consul" in Bucharest – a remnant of the tsarist period – and a guarantee from the city administration of Kishinev that Julius Sacke would pay for his son's studies. In the winter semester 1921/22 Georg and his younger brother Valentin took up their studies at the University of Leipzig, where Valentin studied medicine. Two other brothers began their studies at the Technical University in Karlsruhe.

The father’s "financial guarantee" probably bespoke more his desire rather than his actual economic situation. From the first day of his studies, his sons in Germany had to earn their living expenses and tuition fees themselves. They were constantly looking for work and lived in near poverty, as did many students in the years of inflation. A stomach ailment that would plague Georg Sacke for the rest of his life probably developed during this time. Only in the last months of his studies did his economic situation improve. The home for "frail children" run by the Humanitas e.V. (founded in Leipzig in 1909) was looking for a "laborer for the garden". Georg Sacke applied and was hired. He worked during the last semester of his studies as a janitor, stoker and gardener, and regularly took on other tasks at the home. This position allowed him, for the first time in his years at the universtiy, not only to cover the costs of food and lodging, but also to better balance his work and study, and ultimately to write his dissertation. After World War II, the Humanitas home for "frail children" became the Orthopedic Clinic of the city of Leipzig, named after Georg Sacke in honor of his work there.

Georg Sacke initially studied economics, later philosophy and history. After a year of study in Prague (1924/25) he returned to the University of Leipzig and focused on Russian and Eastern European history. His mentor Friedrich Braun from St. Petersburg, a professor of Eastern European history since 1926. He rebuilt the Department of Eastern European History at the University of Leipzig’s Institute for Cultural and World History. Georg Sacke's short scientific career was inextricably linked to this department. As its first doctoral candidate, he submitted his dissertation, entitled W. S. Solovyev's Philosophy of History: an Examination of 19th-century Russian Intellectual History, on 29 July 1927. In that same year he became an academic research assistant in the department, with a monthly salary of 100 Reichsmarks. In 1932, again as the first junior professor in the department, he submitted his habilitation thesis, The Legislative Commission of Catherine II, a Study of the History of Absolutism in Russia, to the university’s Faculty of Philosophy. Contrary to the historical research of his time, he interpreted this commission as an instrument of Catherine’s struggle against the traditional nobility in Russia and not as an expression of her liberalism in her first years in government. On 13 December 1932, Hans Freyer, the dean of the Faculty of Arts, awarded Georg Sacke the "venia legendi," the certification to lecture at the university level. For a short time he taught in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Leipzig, but his promising academic career – Georg Sacke was considered a possible successor to the 70-year-old Friedrich Braun – came to an abrupt end.

On March 30, 1933, two months after the National Socialist seizure of power, members of the Nazi Party’s University Council and the National Socialist German Student Union (NSDStB) formed the National Committee for the Renewal of the University at the University of Leipzig. The committee chairman Georg Gerullis was a professor of Baltic languages at the Institute for Cultural and Universal History of the University and a colleague of Georg Sackes. On the day of its founding, this committee called on the rector of the university to prohibit the habilitation and employment of Jews and foreigners at the university and to deny Jews access to the refectory. The committee added a very concrete "request" to their demands: "The lecturer Dr. Georg Sacke, research assistant in the Eastern Europe Department of the Institute of Cultural and Universal History, is a Latvian Communist from Russia (Bessarabia). We ask that his venia be withdrawn and that he be dismissed from the assistantship immediately." The honor of fulfilling this request was reserved for Georg Sacke's mentor Friedrich Braun. On April 1, 1933, he dismissed Georg Sacke on the grounds that his "Marxist view of historical problems and (his) positive attitude to the Soviet Union makes (his) further involvement in the Institute inadmissible." Georg Sacke saw himself forced to hand in his resignation from the faculty of the university. He was the first university teacher in Leipzig to be expelled from the university for political reasons in 1933. He probably thought at that time that his expulsion would only be temporary. He continued his academic until his death, as the list of his publications shows. His main area of research remained the Russian absolutism of the time of Catherine II. But he would never return to the university. There is no evidence that any form of intervention against his dismissal from the institute or the university took place.

The claim that Georg Sacke was a "Latvian Communist from Russia" had sufficed to expel him from university, even though he had been a German citizen since 1930 and had never belonged to the KPD (the Communist Party of Germany). His brother Valentin, who was a member of the KPD and a founding member of the Communist Student Group at the University of Leipzig, later described him as a Social Democrat. This claim is supported by the fact that Georg Sacke engaged taught non-university classes at the Volkshochschule (a community adult education school), which was considered a social democratic institution, not in the Marxist Workers School (MASCH – among whose founders in Leipzig was his friend Hans Kretzscher). From 1929 to 1933 he offered courses on the recent history of Russia at the VHS Leipzig, from the abolition of serfdom to the then-current development of the Soviet Union under Stalin. His students, often unemployed workers, included KPD members. Following the closure of the VHS in the fall of 1933, he continued his lessons on the development of the Soviet Union privately with former participants in his courses.

Valentin Sacke’s residence permit in Leipzig was not renewed in 1932, political reasons. After the Nazi takeover he lived illegally in Leipzig. He was arrested in September 1933 and held in "protective custody” at the Sachsenburg concentration camp, one of the first concentration camps in Nazi Germany. The Freiberg special court convicted him for the dissemination of communist pamphlets and sentenced him to a year in prison and his subsequent expulsion from Germany. He was released from from the Hoheneck state penitentiary on 4 Dec. 1934, and went to Leipzig to see his brother Georg. It was the last time the brother would meet. Valentin Sacke fled via Czechoslovakia to the Soviet Union.

Georg Sacke’s first arrest was while his brother Valentin was with him. He was suspected of having violated the ban on political parties (pronounced on 14 July 1933) by participating in a relief organization for the families of political prisoners, even though the organization was legal under Nazi law. The families were considered guilty by association, and were thus prohibited from receiving state welfare support. Hermann Reinmuth, Maria Grollmuss and Willi Elsner organized the financial support, and Georg Sacke and Clementine Reinmuth distributed it in Leipzig. Both Sacke and Reinmuth, together with the initiators of the relief initiative, were arrested on 4 Dec. 1934. Georg Sacke was held in pre-trial detention in the Dresden police prison. A court order allowed him to continue his work on the print version of his (not yet published) habilitation thesis during his detention. In April 1935, the prosecutor countermanded the arrest warrant Clementine Reinmuth was released, but Georg Sacke continued to be held in "protective custody" and, like his brother before him, was sent to the Sachsenburg concentration camp in Frankenberg in the Erzgebirge on May 6. In the first letter she sent to him there, his wife wrote: "It sounds like there will be plenty of fresh air, which will be good for you." This statement indicates how little she knew or suspected about Sachsenburg and the other camps in May 1935. As a concentration camp inmate, the Nazi state revoked Georg Sacke’s German citizenship and threatened to expel him from the country.

Hermann Reinmuth, Maria Grollmuß and Willi Elsner were tried by the People's Court in Berlin. Reinmuth and Grollmuß were members of the SPD (German Social Democratic Party), and later of the SAP (Socialist Workers' Party), both of which were banned. To procure funds for their relief initiative they used their party contacts and were therefore sentenced to long prison terms with subsequent "protective custody." Hermann Reinmuth died on 26 April 1942 in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp; Maria Grollmuss on 6 Aug. 1944 in the Ravensbrück concentration camp. Willi Elsner was only sentenced to prison. Georg Sacke and Clementine Reinmuth were tried separately in "ordinary" court. Their trial opened on 1 Nov. 1934 before the Leipzig Regional Court. Both were acquitted due to lack of evidence that their relief activities were connected to the SPD. Despite his acquittal, Georg Sacke remained in custody until 5 Dec 1935, because his expulsion from Germany had been ordered. The withdrawal of his German citizenship remained valid.

Georg Sacke married Rosemarie Gaudig on 29 Oct. 1932. She was born on 30 Oct. 1904 in Leipzig, the youngest daughter of the well-known progressive educator Hugo Gaudig. She attended her father’s girls' secondary school, and, for a time, the teacher training college affiliated with it. After finishing her schooling she studied German, history and English at Leipzig University. ‘The couple had no children. After Georg Sacke's expulsion from the university, her income as a teacher had to support both of them. In December 1937, she joined the National Socialist Women's Association (NSFrW), a sub-organization of the National Socialist Women's League, but only, as she later emphasized, so as not to endanger her job. In an (unsuccessful) application for re-admission to the faculty of the university, dated 5 Dec. 1939, Georg Sacke also emphasized "his attitude to the Nazi state" by stating that he had enlisted "for military training with the NSKK" (the National Socialist Motor Corps).

In 1940, a job advertisement from the Hamburg World Economic Institute (HWWI e.V.) changed Georg Sacke’s life once again. The HWWI, founded in 1937 by the Hamburg World Economic Archive, had, according to its statutes, the task of evaluating news material, in particular foreign material, and making it available to the members of the HWWI. Only members, who were politically selected, government agencies, business associations, companies or some individuals had access to its information. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 and the division of Poland between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union had resulted in an eastward expansion of the German economy, and the HWWI decided to establish a special department for the East. It was looking for a specialist for Eastern and Southeastern Europe, and accepted Georg Sacke’s application. He began working at the HWWI on 17 Sep. 1940. Language skills and competence were probably more important to his job than political loyalty and party affiliation. Nevertheless, he was only hired on a trial basis because of his lack of German citizenship. Only after his citizenship was reinstated in late 1941 did he receive a permanent position. His duties included, especially after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, evaluating and supplementing information about the USSR, which was growing ever more sparse. He was one of the probably very few people in Nazi Germany who were allowed to read and evaluate Soviet newspapers regularly. Apparently, he used the knowledge he gained from these sources for more than informing his employers in the Nazi government and economy.

During his trial period at the HWWIm Georg Sacke lived alone in Hamburg. Only after his employment became permanent did Rosemarie Sacke quit her job in Leipzig and follow him to Hamburg. She arrived on 24 Jan. 1942. The couple’s first apartment in Hamburg at Bassinstraße 5 (present-day Am Feenteich) was completely destroyed by fire after an air raid. Georg Sacke’s library was lost. In May 1942 the Sackes were assigned to the ground-floor apartment at Ostmarkstraße 6. They rightly suspected that they owed their "beautiful living space to the persecution of Jewish people by the National Socialists" – the mezuzot on the doors were confirmation enough. (In fact, Paula Biram (see www.stolperstein-hamburg.de) was evicted from this apartment on 26 Jan. 1942 and sent to the "Judenhaus" at Bogenstraße 27. She was deported to Theresienstadt on 15 July 1942.) The Sackes also received furniture and household goods. As a non-working woman with no children, Rosemarie Sacke was "mobilizd for work duty" on 5 Apr. 1943. She also worked part-time at the HWWI as an English translator.

Georg and Rosemarie Sacke remained in contact to their friends in Leipzig after they moved to Hamburg. They were especially close to Alfred and Gertrud Frank, Wolfgang and Hildegard Heinze, and Josef and Gertrud Schölmerich. Despite the fact that they all came from different political directions, they had in common that they rejected the Nazi dictatorship. Alfred and Gertrud Frank were KPD members. Even Alfred Frank had twice been held in "protective custody," they did not break off contact to the underground party organization. As an art teacher at the Marxist Workers' School and at the VHS Leipzig, Frank also had connections to "bourgeois" circles. Wolfgang Heinze was the director of the Köllmann works in Leipzig, a transmission manufacturer with connections to the Nazi war economy. He was not a member of the Nazi Pary, but had been an SA member for a short time. Josef Schölmerich was a doctor and a member of the Nazi Party. In this circle of friends, Georg Sacke was considered a specialist for the Soviet policy and warfare.

The picture that friends and acquaintances from this circle later painted of Georg Sacke is inconsistent. Gertrud Frank, a KPD member like her husband, said after the war that the Sackes were closer to the circles involved in the 20 July Plot (the attempted assassination of Hitler) than to the Communists. Hildegard Heinze-Damerius emphasized Georg Sacke’s the special interest in the Soviet Union, which he saw as an alternative to Nazi Germany. She said he had been relatively uncritical of Soviet politics, he had given little credence to Western broadcasters about the Soviet Union. Rosemarie Sacke later came ot agree with him in this assessment.

In Hamburg, Georg Sacke reconnected with his college friend from Leipzig Hans Kretzscher, who was elementary school teacher in Hamburg until he was conscripted to the Wehrmacht in 1943. Kretzsher was a Communist; his wife Paula was a Social Democrat. Through them, the Sackes met Rudolf and Else Mauermann and Hans Scheffel. Rudolf Mauermann worked at Blohm & Voß in aircraft construction; Hans Scheffel was a transport worker in a Hamburg furniture company. He had been held in "protective custody" in 1933 because he was a Communist. In August 1943, Georg and Rosemarie Sacke took in the Mauermanns, who had been bombed out of their home. According to Hans Scheffel, the Sacke’s apartment became a "hotbed of illegality."

In Leipzig, Georg and Rosemarie Sacke heard about the National Committee Free Germany (NKFD – founded in Krasnogorsk near Moscow). Its goal was the unification of all Hitler opponents, and the Sackes became adherents. They brought a prohibited NKFD leaflet to Hamburg from and Easter visit to Leipzig in 1944. In early May they gathered with friends in their apartment to read this pamphlet, and perhaps to discuss a possible implementation of the NKFD program. Present were Rudi and Else Mauermann, Hans Scheffel and Paula and Hans Kretzscher, who returned to the front the next day and thus escaped arrest. Whether this meeting had practical consequences is not known. What is certain is that after the arrest of their Leipzig friends, the Hamburg group also came into the crosshairs of the Gestapo. Alfred Frank, Wolfgang Heinze and Josef Schölmerich were arrested in July 1944. Under suspicion of supporting the banned NKFD, they were charged with intent to commit high treason at the People's Court in Dresden, together with eight other defendants from Leipzig. Alfred Frank and Wolfgang Heinze were sentenced to death on 23 Nov. 1944 and executed on 11 Jan. 1945 in Dresden. Heinz Schölmerich was sentenced to prison.

Georg and Rosemarie Sacke were arrested by the Gestapo official Karl Pluder at the HWWI on 15 Aug 1944. On the same day Pluder also arrested Rudolf Mauermann at the shipyard and his wife Else in their apartment at Ostmarkstrasse 6. Hans Scheffel's arrest by Pluder followed two months later. As they were under suspicion of "illegal participation in the NKFD," they likely faced charges of intent to commit high treason and the death penalty. Their pre-trial detention was in solitary confinement at the Fuhlsbüttel police prison, where Karl Pluder interrogated them for the next seven months. Despite his brutal interrogation methods – they were beaten and threatened with being sent to a concentration camp – Pluder did not manage to beat more names of NKFD supporters in Hamburg out of them. The encroaching front delayed their trial in the People's Court. During the last weeks of their detention, they were held in collective cells in the Fühlsbüttel concentration camp, and their hopes of the impending defeat of the Nazi regime and their coming liberation rose. While gluing bags, Georg Sacke stole paper remnants on which he outlined the draft for an essay or a historical work. He and Rudolf Mauermann talked about finding a safe hiding place for his notes, but they were lost. Apparently Sacke had hopes of resuming his historical work and returning to the university after liberation.

But Georg Sacke, Rudolf Mauermann and Hans Scheffel, together with about 200 other prisoners in "protective custody," were transferred from Fuhlsbüttel to to the Neuengamme concentration camp around 24 Mar 1945. Georg Sacke’s German citizenship had once again been revoked, rendering him stateless, as was noted on his death certificate. Georg Sacke had suffered from stomach problems for many years, and his detention in Fuhlsbüttel had additionally weakened him. At Neuengamme, the camp inmates’ council suggested that he act as an interpreter for prisoners from the East in the in-camp court and at their sentencings, in exchange for better food and medicine. Georg Sacke refused, saying he "would by no means help the hangman’s minions.” He was assigned to work in the camp garden, and came down with a case of pneumonia. Thus weakened, Georg Sacke lacked the strength to survive the murderous ordeal of the death march.

His friends and his wife survived. Rudolf Mauermann was probably one of the inmates left behind for cleanup at the Neuengamme camp. When the camp was ultimately disbanded, he was conscripted directly to the SS Dirlewanger Brigande. Whether he was able to escape from his unit or if he was even involved in the fighting in the last days of the war is unknown. Hans Scheffel reached the Vorwerk industrial harbor on the death march, and was on the Cap Arcona. He was able to save himself from the sinking ship and swam to shore on 3 May 1945. He remained in hiding until the arrival of the British soldiers.

Rosemarie Sacke suffered a severe psychological crisis during her solitary confinement in Fuhlsbüttel. Twice she tried to slit her wrists. She was admitted to the Ochsenzoll General Hospital on 7 Sep. 1944, then sent back to the concentration camp on 21 Nov. 1944. After her return she was also subjected to interrogations by Karl Pluder. In February 1945 she was transferred to the Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg labor camp. After its destruction on 21 Mar. 1945, she was sent back to Fuhlsbüttel and from there to the Nordmark labor camp near Kiel. Rosemarie Sacke’ s odyssee through Nazi prison camps ended with her release from Nordmark on 2 May 1945, two days before it was disbanded. Sick and half-starved, she made her way back to Hamburg on foot, hoping to join her husband in their apartment. She knew nothing of his fate since they had been separated. Hans Scheffel brought her the tragic news when he returned to Hamburg.

In the summer of 1945 she began working for the Committee of Former Political Prisoners and organized the committee’s political work in the Rotherbaum district from her apartment at – now back to its original name - Hallerstraße 6. She joined the KPD on 10 Sep. 1945; she understood this as upholding the legacy of Georg Sacke, and remained loyal to the party throughout her life. In January 1946 she returned to Leipzig, where she was the first director of the Workers' and Farmers’ Faculty of the University of Leipzig. She held this position until 1951, when she was dismissed on the grounds that she had been a member of a Nazi organization. But she was given a second chance: After studying at the Party Academy Karl Marx, she became a teacher of Marxism-Leninism. She survived not only the Nazi regime, but also the fall of Soviet Union and the GDR, and died at the age of 92, on 19 Apr. 1997 in Leipzig. She worked tirelessly for the memory of Georg Sacke.

Post Scriptum: Perhaps Georg Sacke knew that his siblings had all traveled or fled to the Soviet Union in the 1930s, or had become Soviet citizens through the Soviet occupation of Latvia and Moldavia (Bessarabia). However, he did not know what had become of them there. Rosemarie Sacke finally received news of her brother-in-law Valentin Sacke long after George's death. Years after the 20th Party Congress of the CPSU and after the end of Stalinism in the Soviet Union, she received a letter from him from Cesis in Latvia, then the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, on 7 August 1959. In it he wrote: "You have probably heard what Berija [the head of the Soviet secret service under Stalin - J.v.M.] has instigated? I and all my siblings (...) have suffered. I'm the only one alive. "When and how the siblings died, we do not know, except for a report that Leopold Sacke was had been shot. Valentin Sacke alone survived because he could "work as a doctor."


Translator: Amy Lee
Kindly supported by the Hermann Reemtsma Stiftung, Hamburg.


Stand: September 2019
© Jost v. Maydell

Quellen: StaH, 213 – 11, 20072/50 (Staatsanwaltschaft – Landgericht, Strafsachen); Brockhaus, Die Enzyklopädie, Band 20, Mannheim 1998, S. 362/63; Hamburger Abendblatt vom 5. Mai 2015, S. 12, Popien, Timeloberg, Vor dem Vergessen kapituliert; Das Jüdische Hamburg, hrsg. vom Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden, S. 162/163; KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, Ein Überblick, Redaktion Schawe; Hochmuth/Meyer, Streiflichter, S. 302–312; Hölzer, Sacke – Zwei Leipziger Intellektuelle; Kogon, SS-Staat; Ostseeküste 1933–1945, S. 23 und 32ff.; Vieth, 101 Jahre.