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Stolperstein für Felix Hecht
© Heidi Kahlke

Dr. Felix Hecht * 1883

Hochallee 73 (Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude)

1944 Theresienstadt
1944 Auschwitz

Felix Hecht, born on 24 Sept. 1883 in Hamburg, deported on 19 Jan. 1944 to Theresienstadt, deported further on 28 Oct. 1944 to Auschwitz

Hochallee 73


Ingeborg Hecht, the daughter, wrote two memorial books about the life of her father, that of her family, and her own life that have been an important source of information for this account. We indebted to her for distressing insights into the political and social deprivation of rights inflicted on a "German family based on the Nuremberg laws on race” all the way to persecution, deportation, and murder – and into the difficult, painful way of dealing with such experiences as life continues for those who survived.

Felix Hecht was the oldest son of the well-to-do art dealer Jacob Hecht and his wife Hanna, née Calmann.
Jacob Hecht, born in Friedberg in 1853, had obtained Hamburg civic rights as a Jew in 1892. As early as 1882, he owned a cigar store in the Hamburg city center, at Colonnaden 35 (former numbering: 25/27), from which soon developed a renowned art and antique store over the course of the next five years. It was called the "Rembrandthaus,” where period furniture, paintings, and other antiques were sold.
Jacob Hecht and his wife Hanna initially lived with their gradually growing family – five children were born over the years – in various apartments in the Hamburg city center, close to the "Rembrandthaus,” later in the Rotherbaum district.
Felix was born on 24 Sept. 1883. His younger siblings were sister Alice, born on 16 Apr. 1885, brother Herbert, who – born in 1888 – already died as a child; then followed brothers Hellmuth, born on 30 Dec. 1891, and the youngest child, Edgar, who was born on 23 Aug. 1895.
In 1903, Felix passed his high school graduation exam at Wilhelmgymnasium high school, and he would have liked to study ancient languages; however, his father had determined him to become the family’s investment manager, which meant Felix began studying law in Göttingen and Leipzig. In 1906, he was accepted as a candidate for legal training. His two brothers were to take over the father’s company one day, and they were trained as art dealers. However, Hellmuth emigrated – probably in 1912 – to Quito in Ecuador and became a monk, after which all traces of him disappear. Sister Alice was later active in the art trade as well.
In 1908, Jacob Hecht was able to purchase a stately villa in the style of the Gründerzeit [the "founding period” in Germany before the First World War] in the high-class neighborhood of Harvestehude, at Frauenthal 7, located between gardens and close to the Outer Alster. To the family, this was their "Villa Hanna,” named after "my beautiful grandmother” (I. Hecht).
Felix Hecht, the young legal trainee (Referendar), lived as a tenant in his parents’ house. After a brief time serving as assistant judge (Assessor) and obtaining his doctorate in Leipzig (in 1913), he was admitted to practice as a lawyer in Hamburg starting in Oct. 1913.

For Felix Hecht, as for many others, the First World War, in which he participated as a front-line soldier from 1915 to 1918, brought an interruption of his professional career and private life. He was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class.
Professionally, Felix Hecht was registered with the lawyer Fritz Alexander, at Neuer Wall 54, "for the duration of war” (Hamburg directory); in 1919, both relocated to Neuer Wall 10. However, in the ensuing years, Felix Hecht primarily worked in and for the second-hand bookstore in the "Rembrandthaus.”
In terms of private life, Felix Hecht had met "Miss” Edith von Sillich from Harburg. As Ingeborg Hecht relates in her memorial book, the von Sillichs were enthusiastic collectors of pewter ware, which they liked to buy in Jacob Hecht’s antique store on Colonnaden. They did so in a modest volume only, however, as she adds: The von Sillichs lived on the meager salary of the captain of the reserve, who headed the Harburg police. At any rate, the two people apparently came to know each other via the art trade. Felix Hecht was 16 years older than Edith von Sillich, who was born in 1900, and he sometimes helped with her homework.
Both of their fathers died the same year, in 1918.
After her father’s death, Edith von Sillich went to Berlin to attend a nursing school. In 1919, 37-year-old Felix Hecht asked for her hand in marriage, and they were married in 1920. It was a Jewish-Protestant wedding, in the presence of a cantor and a pastor, with the celebrations taking place in the "Villa Hanna” and at the "Winterhuder Fährhaus” in the evening. An impressive family photograph testifies to the event.
In the terminology of National Socialism, 18 years later, such a marriage would be called a "mixed marriage” ("Mischehe”), and it could become a "privileged mixed marriage” ("privilegierte Mischehe”) by the birth of descendants not raised in the Jewish faith.

Even with his young wife, Felix Hecht continued living in his parents’ house for the following years.
On 1 Apr. 1921, daughter Ingeborg arrived. She was born in the renowned Private Women’s Hospital at Johnsallee 68, which belonged to her great uncle Adolf Calmann, the brother of Hanna Hecht. Two and a half years later, on 11 Nov. 1923, son Wolfgang was born. For the children of what was by then designated as a "privileged mixed marriage” ("privilegierte Mischehe”), too, the Nazi racial fanatics subsequently invented their own label: Ingeborg and Wolfgang became "Mischlinge of the first degree” ("Mischlinge 1. Grades”).

After Jacob Hecht’s death, his widow Hanna had become the owner of the "Rembrandthaus” on Colonnaden; the power of attorney was transferred to son Edgar. As a young art dealer, he expanded his father’s inheritance, in 1919 founding a branch of the art and antique store "Kunst- und Antiquitätengeschäft Jac. Hecht” at Tauentzienstrasse 18 in Berlin, for which he was given the power of attorney as well. In addition, since 1924 there was also "Kunstauktionshaus Jac. Hecht,” art auctioneers at Kantstrasse 162 in Berlin.

Felix Hecht participated both in the civic and artistic life of his native Hamburg. Since 1914, he was – like his father Jacob since 1887 – a member of the "Ferdinande Caroline” Masonic lodge in Hamburg, which was located at Welckerstrasse 8. In 1926, Felix Hecht wrote the commemorative publication on the 150th anniversary of his lodge, dedicating it to the "Memory of my beloved father and guarantor, Br.[other] Jacob Hecht." In this commemorative piece, he mentioned a presentation he had held in the "Ferdinande Caroline” on 26 Oct. 1920 entitled "Between the times” ("Zwischen den Zeiten”). No information is available any more about the content of this lecture. However, since the commemorative publication also contains quite a few details concerning freemasonry around the time of the First World War, the title may have referred to the period between 1914 and 1918. In 1928, the Jewish lodge brother Felix Hecht became "Worshipful Master” ("Meister vom Stuhl”), i.e., chairman of the "Ferdinande Caroline.”

At this point, it is useful to make a few comments on freemasonry and its relationship to Judaism:
The first lodges that evolved in Germany – following the English example –were founded in Hamburg starting in 1737. From Hamburg, freemasonry then spread rapidly in the eighteenth century. The Hamburg Grand Lodge of the "United 5 Lodges” – which thus also included the "Ferdinande Caroline” founded in 1776 – had already opened themselves to Jews in the early nineteenth century, according to their freemasonic and humanitarian principles of tolerance, justice, and social responsibility. An initial "right to visit” turned into complete equality of Jewish lodge brothers from 1841 onward. This religious tolerance was not a natural course in the Hamburg lodges – especially not in those oriented along Christian lines. Since 1887, Hamburg also had an exclusively Jewish lodge, the "B´nai B´rith.” In the "Third Reich,” the lodges were forced to dissolve themselves and their assets as well as Masonic lodges were largely confiscated.
After 1945, however, freemasonry soon revived in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Back to the 1920s:
In the antique store on Colonnaden, which continued to be operated under the name of "Jacob Hecht,” Felix and Edith Hecht put on exhibitions and readings by the artists’ association called the "Hamburger Gruppe” ("Hamburg Group”). This group of authors and artists joined in 1925 with the express goal of promoting the concerns of Hamburg artists and of counteracting in this way the reputation of Hamburg as a city hostile to the arts. In fact, though, prior to 1933 there was a flourishing arts scene in Hamburg apart from this rather small group, for instance, the much more significant "Hamburg Secession.”
In addition to Hans Leip and Hans Much, Felix Hecht was one of the three founders of the "Hamburg Group,” also acting as the group’s legal counsel and sponsor. Felix Hecht also worked privately as a lawyer for the poet Hans Leip. Members of the "Hamburg Group” still known today included – apart from Hans Leip and Hans Much – Fritz Höger, the architect of the Chilehaus (Chile House), and the writer and organ builder Hanns Henny Jahnn. They were an avant-garde decisively influenced by Expressionism, though they also had to deal with representatives of a "homeland protection movement” ("Heimatschutzbewegung”) within their own ranks that propagated "regional heritage art” ("Heimatkunst”). In Jan. 1927, Felix Hecht quit the group, as did three other members, who were outraged about new society statutes they felt were "unworthy of discussion.” It is not know whether this was also Felix Hecht’s reason for leaving the group. The "Hamburg Group” dissolved in 1931.

Felix Hecht entered another commitment on behalf of his native town: Since 1923, he had a position as an "auxiliary police officer in the Greater Hamburg homeland protection reg. soc., District of Harvesthude” ("Hilfspolizeibeamter im Heimatschutz Gross-Hamburg e. V., Bezirk Harvestehude”), with the authority to carry a weapon. This regulatory "homeland protection” ("Heimatschutz”) was comprised above all of former Free Corps members and front-line soldiers and served – as the rightist, often right-wing Free Corps had done before – to combat social unrest within the impoverished working classes and to crush left-wing demonstrations and uprisings. However, it is not known whether Felix Hecht participated in such operations.

In 1927, Felix Hecht moved, along with his family, out of his parents’ villa on Frauenthal; he had had his inheritance paid out and purchased a house of more modest size at Hochallee 73, though still located in the "better-class quarter” between Jungfrauenthal and Hallerstrasse. The children went to play at nearby Innocentia Park, Ingeborg attended a private Realschule [a practice-oriented secondary school up to grade 10] for girls on Mittelweg, and Wolfgang an eight-grade elementary school (Volksschule) on Schlüterstrasse. Their home did not involve any explicitly Jewish upbringing, "we knew nothing any more about Jewish customs nor that there was more to the menorah in father’s study than it simply being a common seven-branched candelabrum” (I. Hecht). The children were supposed to choose a denomination on their own later on. Felix Hecht, however, remained a member of the Hamburg German-Israelitic Community, paying his income-related Jewish religious tax (Kultussteuer) until 1941.

At the end of 1927, the management of the "Rembrandthaus” passed as a joint power of attorney to Alice Davidsohn, née Hecht, and her husband, Arthur Davidsohn. Accordingly, Alice had been married by then. (Later, Arthur Davidsohn is no longer mentioned in connection with Alice Hecht and in official documents, she continued to go by "Alice Hecht;” evidently, the marriage lasted only a short time.) Not even two years later, in Aug. 1929, the relocation of the Jacob Hecht art and antique dealer’s shop from Hamburg to Berlin took place; it was a merger with the subsidiary existing there since 1919. At that time, Alice Hecht also went to Berlin and "looked after the father’s branch on Tauentzienstrasse” (I. Hecht). The "Rembrandthaus” was torn down in 1930.

Only by 1928, Felix Hecht set up his own law practice at Neuer Wall 10, working with the lawyers Kurt Leo Eisner and Oscar Lilienfeld, though it is unclear whether he did so only in an office partnership or in an actual law firm. According to the Hamburg directory, he relocated to Jungfernstieg 30, "Rm. 420,” as early 1931; the cooperation with the two other lawyers had been dissolved. On this score, the research findings differ from Ingeborg Hecht’s recollections of her father’s employment circumstances in these years.

In 1933, a personal decision had a grave impact on the lives of the Hecht family: The married couple got divorced, by mutual agreement and "without any quarrel that had ever become evident to us as children” (I. Hecht). It was a decision whose effects burdened the wife very much in later years. The joint household with the "father, somewhat helpless in matters of everyday life” (I. Hecht), was maintained.

Upon the beginning of the Nazi regime in 1933, the Jewish population’s systematic repression and deprivation of rights set in immediately. The boycott of Jewish stores, the "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service” ("Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums”), and the "Aryan Paragraph” ("Arierparagraph”) involving the "elimination” of "non-Aryan” members from all civilian associations and other areas of public and professional life – all that hit the Hecht family as well.
The "Law on the Licensing of Lawyers” (Gesetz über die Zulassung zur Rechtsanwaltschaft) dated 7 Apr. 1933 stipulated that "non-Aryans” would be excluded from the legal profession. This affected the majority of the 204 Jewish lawyers in Hamburg. A minority was protected for the time being, either by their past participation in the World War (as "veteran combatants”) or as sons or fathers of "soldiers killed in action,” or by having been licensed before 1914 ("old-established licensing to practice law” ["Altanwaltschaft”]). In the following years, the elimination of Jewish lawyers in Hamburg continued rather insidiously; there seemed to be a degree of latitude.
Felix Hecht was protected initially from losing his license by virtue of being a former front-line soldier. Nevertheless, now the destruction of the lawyer’s professional livelihood began. There were certainly progressively fewer "Aryan” clients to advise and represent. In 1934, he gave up his modest one-room practice in the "Hamburger Hof” at Jungfernstieg 30, which he had owned since 1931, changing his workplace frequently in the years following, and working with other Jewish lawyers occasionally. The economic repercussions of discrimination due to anti-Jewish legislation become evident in the progressively declining contributions of Jewish religious taxes (Kultussteuer) that Felix Hecht paid to his Community.
He was forced to give up his membership in the "homeland protection” organization in 1934.

Facing the pressure of financial circumstances, Edith Hecht opened a small guesthouse at Hochallee 73, assuming her maiden name "von Sillich” again so that interested "Aryans,” too, would be able to take lodgings there "without worries.” "Mother tried hard and was courageous but not competent” (I. Hecht). Quite often, one could hear, "… the Lodge helped out …” In keeping with their social commitment, the "brothers” of the "Ferdinande Caroline” had not forgotten the "brother” who now found himself in financial straits, for the family was no longer able to live just on the meager income. At the end of 1934, the house was sold by compulsory auction. The family moved with the father from Hochallee to Hagedornstrasse 27, into a five-bedroom apartment; two rooms had to be rented out. During the restitution proceedings, these two tenants subsequently confirmed that at the time, the Hechts still owned "intact, solidly middle-class apartment furnishings.” However, it was not possible to hold on to this home either. In 1937, Edith von Sillich, along with her children, moved into a now really modest apartment at Hansastrasse 72, of which they used three and a half rooms for their own purposes, while the remaining room and a half were rented out. Felix Hecht did not move along into Hansastrasse anymore but found accommodation in a room in the apartment of his youngest brother Edgar, who lived with his wife Hanna and their son Hans in the house next door on Hagedornstrasse.

Already two years before, in 1935, the "Law for the Protection of German Blood” ("Gesetz zum Schutz des deutschen Blutes") and the "Reich Citizenship Law” ("Reichsbürgergesetz”), the so-called "Nuremberg Laws,” had come into effect, thus escalating the restrictions for Jews and "Jewish half-breeds (Mischlinge) of the first degree,” something that affected Felix Hecht and his children as well. Even reciprocal visits of the family members were dangerous from then on. In 1938, an actually prohibited visit to the movies of father and daughter – as she relates – became an adventure causing their hearts to pound.
In the course of the pogroms of Nov. 1938 directed against Jewish people and institutions in Hamburg, too, Felix Hecht was arrested from a streetcar on 10 Nov. 1938 and committed to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. After spending weeks in inhuman living conditions, he showed up again at his family’s place on 17 Dec. – freezing, "his head shaven, bent over, haggard. A tired man with tired eyes …” (I. Hecht). What he told them was outrageous to the family, impossible to grasp. Again, a sympathetic person helped the Hechts out with food items for the father – this time the daughter’s female boss, in whom Ingeborg was able to confide. "The Führer does not know about this” – that was, as Ingeborg Hecht felt, this woman’s "firm belief.”
Additional testimony to the degree of oppressive poverty in which the family lived by then is the account from the 1950s by Hans Wolffheim, a friend of Ingeborg Hecht, in the context of the long-drawn restitution proceedings.

Due to the full-scale occupational ban as of 30 Nov. 1938 (based on the "5th Ordinance to the Reich Citizenship Law” dated 27 Sept. 1938), the last 69 Jewish lawyers in Hamburg had their licenses to practice law revoked. Only seven of them were allowed to continue in an advisory capacity for Jews, working as "legal advisers” ("Konsulenten”) [a newly introduced Nazi term for Jewish lawyers banned from full legal practice]; Felix Hecht was not among them. At this point, his income dried up completely. Therefore, as early as Jan. 1939, Felix Hecht, as a former front-line soldier, submitted a request for the granting of a "revocable maintenance subsidy.” He was allocated the requested support, amounting to 170 RM (reichsmark) and subject to subsequent reductions.

Edgar Hecht had been among the 28 Jewish art dealers in Hamburg not admitted to the "Reich Chamber of Culture” ("Reichskulturkammer”) in 1935. By letter, they were, as "non-Aryans,” denied the "aptitude” to "contribute … to the fostering of German culture” and threatened with compulsory sale or liquidation of their businesses. By then, in early 1939, the art and auction house on Esplanade was "Aryanized” in this way, i.e., it had to be sold to an "Aryan” interested party far below value.
Evidently, the branches managed by Alice Hecht in Berlin had been hit by the "Aryanization measures” as well. When her niece Ingeborg visited her in Berlin in Nov. 1938 – during the pogroms of "Crystal Night” ("Reichskristallnacht”) of all times – her aunt Alice already worked as a caregiver in a Jewish retirement home, where things were certainly "miserable beyond all measures” (I. Hecht).

In Hamburg, Felix Hecht and Edith von Sillich were affected again by persecution measures in 1940. Female housemates of the apartment on Hansastrasse had observed Felix Hecht’s visits with his family and reported him as well as his divorced wife because of alleged "racial defilement” ("Rassenschande”). Both Edith von Sillich and Felix Hecht were taken "into protective custody” ("Schutzhaft”) at the Fuhlsbüttel prison, a traumatic experience for Edith that caused permanent harm to her state of health. Afterward, she had to commit to never seeing her divorced husband again and to preventing that her children looked for "Aryan” partners.
Edgar Hecht succeeded in 1940 to emigrate along with his wife and son to Shanghai. From there, they tried to have their niece Ingeborg Hecht follow them. She, however, realized that she had become pregnant – from her "Aryan” boyfriend Hans. Marriage of the two was out of the question as "Jewish half-breeds (Mischlinge) of the first degree” were allowed to apply for approval of marriage with "persons of German blood” ("Deutschblütige”), to be sure; however, usually this did not result in the approval being granted but rather in a summons to the Gestapo, word about which had spread by then. Emigration, too, was out of the question for the expecting mother.
The future grandfather Hecht looked forward to the grandchild; even at a later date, he repeatedly managed to see little Barbara, born in 1941, having her in his care for short, precious moments. Ingeborg Hecht’s boyfriend Hans, the child’s father, saw his daughter only once, when he was given home leave from the front. Shortly afterward, he died on the eastern front.
With his brother having emigrated, Felix Hecht had been forced to move to Dillstrasse, into one of the "Jews’ houses” ("Judenhäuser”) located there. He lived in a tiny room, crammed full with newspapers he intended to use to compile a small private archive. He learned how to cook on a hotplate.
During the air raids on Hamburg in 1943, the Hechts succeeded, amidst the general chaos, in bringing the family together in secret one last time. The house at Hansastrasse 72 was hit by bombs. The courageous female letter carrier of the Hechts made a small chamber adjacent to her own underground air-raid shelter available to them; Felix Hecht was fetched from nearby Dillstrasse to join them, as was son Wolfgang. By candlelight, the five spent several hours together – it was the last time Felix Hecht saw his wife, daughter, and grandchild.
Shortly afterward, Ingeborg Hecht, her mother and the baby were able to find accommodation in Southern Germany, in Staufen i. Breisgau. Felix Hecht and Wolfgang remained behind in Hamburg. Due to fear of "kin liability” ("Sippenhaft”), Felix Hecht did not dare use the universal confusion during the air raids in order to leave Hamburg as well – for instance, by means of forged papers.
On 18 Jan. 1944, he received the order to report to the Talmud Tora School, Grindelhof 30, for transport to Theresienstadt. The protection "privileged mixed marriages” ("privilegierte Mischehen”) had afforded Jews had expired with the divorce, and starting in 1943, the Gestapo went through its card files on a regular basis to deport Jews from dissolved "mixed marriages.” They were "granted” the "preferential camp” in Theresienstadt. Wolfgang Hecht, who had stayed in Hamburg – he had an "Aryan” girlfriend there – accompanied his father on this last journey. On 19 Jan., the train left Hamburg; it was Transport VI/9-14. Along with Felix Hecht, 60 other fellow sufferers were deported. On 22 Jan. 1944, this transport arrived in Theresienstadt.

From Theresienstadt, the prisoners were allowed to write one postcard, essentially pre-printed, every month and receive parcels ("pitiful enough”) from home. Frequently, the thanks expressed on the postcard for certain things constituted a sign for the relatives that those were precisely the items urgently needed. In this way, the family also learned that Felix Hecht’s sister Alice was in Theresienstadt as well. Alice Hecht had already been deported there together with the occupants of the Jewish retirement home in Berlin on 28 Oct. 1942. "… she cooks everything for us very nicely … still works in the health system, just like Daddy does as a jurist …” he wrote on one of his cards. These, just as reports of concerts and theater performances, were of course news dressed up very much that did not correspond to reality in Theresienstadt at all. Then, even these sparse signs of life ceased.
On 28. Sept. 1944, Felix Hecht was deported on Transport EV 1651 from Theresienstadt to the Auschwitz extermination camp and murdered there.
His relatives found out about this only in 1948 through the tracing service of the Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime. The official declaration of death took place by the Hamburg District Court (Amtsgericht) on 17 Feb. 1950.

Alice Hecht was also deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau on 12 Oct. 1944 and murdered.
Edgar Hecht was killed by a piece of shrapnel in Shanghai on 17 July 1945 during a US air raid.

Son Wolfgang was enlisted for heavy physical forced labor in Hamburg starting in Apr. 1944. After the war, he was able to marry his girlfriend. However, the marriage failed. In 1953, Wolfgang Hecht emigrated to Honduras, then on to Guatemala, where he got married again. This marriage produced a son.

Ingeborg Hecht continued to live in Southern Germany, together with her mother and daughter, marrying Hanns Studniczka in 1947. She and her brother, too, had to endure "the nightmare-like trip through the jungle of restitution laws” (I. Hecht); they were considered only "harmed indirectly” and the "restitution” eventually granted after ten years was humiliatingly low. Since 1954, Ingeborg Hecht lived in Freiburg as a freelance author. Between 1975 and 1979, her husband died, her daughter Barbara also, and finally, her mother. For more than 30 years, Ingeborg Hecht suffered from severe phobia, from which only the success of her books, the intensive love and care of friends, and the necessity of serving as a contemporary witness for the post-war generation could release her.
She died at the age of 90 in Freiburg on the night of 6 to 7 May 2011.

Translator: Erwin Fink

Kindly supported by the Hermann Reemtsma Stiftung, Hamburg.

Stand: October 2016
© Heidi Kahlke

Quellen: Ingeborg Hecht "Als unsichtbare Mauern wuchsen. Eine deutsche Familie unter den Nürnberger Rassegesetzen", Hamburg 1984;dies., "Von der Heilsamkeit des Erinnerns", Hamburg 1991; Rita Bake "Verschiedene Welten II", Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, "72. Station. Colonnaden 25/27/Ecke Büschstraße"; Rüdiger Schütt "Bohemiens und Biedermänner. Die Hamburger Gruppe 1925 bis 1931", Hamburg, 1996; Maike Bruhns "Kunst in der Krise – Hamburger Kunst im Dritten Reich", Hamburg 2001; www.aktives-museum.de / Gesamtaufnahme-Kunsthandel-in-Berlin-1928-1943; "Justiz und Nationalsozialismus"- Katalog zur Ausstellung 1989; Heiko Morisse "Jüdische Rechtsanwälte in Hamburg. Ausgrenzung und Verfolgung im NS-Staat", Hamburg, 2003; ders., telefonische Auskünfte im Januar 2013; Udo Löhr "50. Jahrestag der Nürnberger Gesetze", Mitteilungen des Hamburgischen Richtervereins MHR 3/1985; ders., telefonische Auskünfte; E-Mail Auskunft vom 25.2.2013; Thomas Held "Juden und Freimaurer in Hamburg. Eine historisch-quantifizierende Untersuchung", Hamburg 1983; Frank Bajohr ""Arisierung" in Hamburg. Die Verdrängung der jüdischen Unternehmer 1933-1945", Hamburg 1997; E-Mail-Auskünfte des jetzigen Meisters vom Stuhl der "Ferdinande Caroline", Herrn Hans Schwarz, vom 8.11.2012 und weitere; Central Data Base Yad Vashem zu Alice und Edgar Hecht; StaHH 241-2, Justizverwaltung – Personalakten, 1782; StaHH 351-1, Amt für Wiedergutmachung, 46039; StaHH 522-1, Jüdische Gemeinden, 992 b, Kultussteuerkartei der Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeinde; StaHH 622-1/328, Familie Hecht; StaHH 231-3 Handelsregister; StaHH 324-1 Baupolizeiliche Akte Büschstr.10/Ecke Colonnaden; div. Hamburger Adressbücher; Berliner Adressbücher.