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Rochma und Levi Lagovier
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Levi Lagovier * 1870

Innocentiastraße 64 (Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude)

1942 Auschwitz
deportiert aus Drancy Frankreich

further stumbling stones in Innocentiastraße 64:
Rochma Lagovier

Levi Lagovier, born on 3 Dec. 1870 in Kishinev (Chisinau)/Moldova, deported on 11 Nov. 1942 from Drancy/France to Auschwitz-Birkenau
Rochma Lagovier, née Krieger, born on 21 Nov. 1875 in Brody/Ukraine, deported on 11 Nov. 1942 from Drancy/France to Auschwitz-Birkenau

Innocentiastrasse 64 (Harvestehude)

Levi Lagovier was born in 1870 in Kishinev (Chisinau), the capital of Bessarabia (Principality of Moldavia) and from 1878 again part of the Russian Tsarist Empire, as son of merchant Belko (Bear) Lagovier (1846–1910) and Bluma Lagovier, née Raskin (1850–1897). The father, Belko Lagovier, came from Shklov/Shklou, an important Jewish center in Belarus, the mother from Kishinev. At that time, Kishinev was an expanding regional center in Southeast Europe; the city’s 31 synagogues, as compared to 23 churches and 1 mosque, still bore witness to the long Jewish tradition and the large proportion of Jewish residents as late as 1920.

Belko Lagovier then settled in Kiev. In 1887, the Lagovier family moved their residence from where merchant Belko Lagovier was listed as a member of the 1st level (1st Guild) of entrepreneurs to Moscow. After the death of his wife, Belko Lagovier married a second time; in 1907, he was downgraded from the 1st Guild to the 2nd Guild, and in 1910, he died in Moscow. Levi Lagovier’s citizenship was later (1921 and 1924) listed as "Romanian” in the Antwerp register of residents.

Rochma "Rosi” Lagovier, née Krieger, was a native of Brody, a border town in the Habsburg crown territory of Galicia, which had been annexed after the First Partition of Poland (in 1772). The city, the easternmost town of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was located about 100 kilometers (some 62 miles) east of Lemberg (today Lviv in Ukraine). As a free trade zone of the Habsburg Empire for exchange with Russia, it attracted many merchants, banks, and foreign companies. With the end of the free trade privileges in 1880, Galicia’s second largest city became impoverished and many inhabitants left it, including the Krieger family. Rochma was born in 1875 in Brody as the fourth daughter of the merchant Alexander and Rivka Krieger, née Hafner. Of her seven siblings, only the names are known; those of the sisters were Edel, Hene, Lea, Shprinza, and Teuba; those of the brothers were Asher and Hershel. The father owned a company specializing in grain exports to Western Europe. In 1910, four fifths of Brody’s 18,000 residents were Jewish. "This is a Jewish city – this is Galicia,” the author Isaak Babel wrote about Brody in 1920. The Krieger family probably moved from Brody to Odessa (Russia) shortly after 1880. "The city of Odessa lay in the settlement district, the area on the western border of the Tsarist Empire where Jews were allowed to take up residence. It was famous for its rabbinical schools and synagogues, rich in literature and music, a magnet for the impoverished Jewish-Galician shtetls. (...) He bought the grain from intermediaries who transported it on carts over rutted tracks from the rich black earth of the Ukrainian wheat fields, the largest in the world, to the port of Odessa. There the grain was stored in warehouses and then shipped via the Black Sea up the Danube or via the Mediterranean Sea.” (Edmund de Waal) In the 1890s, the Kriegers moved on to Cracow (Austria-Hungary), where Alexander and Rivka Krieger spent their remaining years residing with one of their children.

Both spouses were thus born in cities with a Jewish majority population. Levi Lagovier and Rechma, called Rosi, Krieger married (presumably in a civil ceremony) in Jan. 1900 in the Moldovan town of Kalarash (Calarasi), about 50 kilometers (some 31 miles) northwest of Kishinev, where they lived for the next two to three years. The Jewish wedding is said to have taken place previously in a synagogue in Moscow. Through marriage, Rochma Lagovier obtained Romanian citizenship from her husband.

Levi Lagovier belonged to the Hasidic group Chabad of Orthodox Judaism, which feels connected to Jewish mysticism. Daughter Shifra (1902–1997) was born in Chisinau (Moldova) and son Gedalia (1903–1963) in Falesti (Moldova), 140 kilometers (approx. 87 miles) northwest of Chisinau. In about 1910, the couple had their residence in Zhytomyr in northern Ukraine, then part of Tsarist Russia and the center of the Hasidic movement (around 1890, a third of the population was Jewish); at the same time, the cousins Mendel Lagovier (born in 1852 in Mogilev/ today Mahiljow in Belarus), who later worked as a diamond trader in Amsterdam, and Itzko (Jitzak) Lagovier, who later became a securities trader, also lived there. Levi Lagovier worked as a diamond trader; a tsarist register of 1910 lists him as a 2nd level entrepreneur (2nd Guild).

The region where Levi Lagovier was born was annexed by Romania in 1918 during the Russian Civil War. One can assume that he, as a merchant working abroad, was then actively seeking a Romanian passport. Documents prove the issuing of a passport on 22 Feb. 1921 in Kishinev for the duration two years. It is not known whether Levi Lagovier stayed there only briefly for the purpose of having new identification papers (in Latin script) issued or whether he stayed longer. On this Romanian passport, he received a visa for three months from the Belgian consulate in Paris on 14 Apr. 1921. When this expired, he applied again for a three-month visa at the Belgian consulate in London on 14 July 1921.

Starting in Apr. 1921, Levi and Rochma Lagovier lived with Schifra and Gedalia in Antwerp. The city had replaced Amsterdam and London as central European cities for the diamond trade during this period. Antwerp had previously been the home of cousin Israel Jacob Lagovier (born on 27 Mar. 1875 in Moscow, died in 1966; father: Susman Lagovier, born in 1840), who had subsequently (1899–1907) lived in Amsterdam. In Amsterdam and Antwerp, large diamond cutting companies had their headquarters (in the German Empire, diamonds were cut in Hanau since 1875).

Levi Lagovier worked in Antwerp as a diamond trader and was a member of the "Diamant Club van Antwerpen” (founded in 1892), which confirmed this to him in Jan. 1925 when he applied for an unlimited residence permit. The diamond dealer S. Zwejer (Rue Lamoriniere 80) also gave him a positive reference to this end. As early as 1921, the diamond merchant Henri Wellner (Rue Lamoriniere 80) had acted as a sponsor toward Lagovier’s passport visa. The residential addresses of the Lagoviers in Antwerp were Lange Van Ruusbroecstraat 24 (from Apr. 1921) and St. Jozefstraat 33 (including from Nov. 1921 to June 1923). After a stay in Paris (Rue Buffault 6, in this street there was also a synagogue of the Portuguese/Sephardic Jews), they returned to Antwerp in Nov. 1924 and lived at Albertstraat 23, where their son Gedalia was also working in the company of Levi Lagovier at this time.

In June 1924, their daughter Shifra Lagovier married the merchant Markus (Mordechai) Bistritzky (born on 9 Jan. 1895 in Kiev) in Bad Homburg. Bad Homburg was the home of cousin Batshewa "Shewa” Abramoff (born around 1898 in Moldova, died in 1936 in Tel Aviv), who had been married to Siegfried Goldschmidt (1877–1926), the founder of the Taunus Sanatorium in Bad Homburg, since about 1923. Perhaps the appropriate combination of a central geographical location, sufficient rooms for the wedding guests, and kosher food that made Bad Homburg and in that town specifically, the Taunus Sanatorium (at Untere Terrassenstrasse 1), the suitable place for the religious wedding celebration, for which the mother of the groom, Scheindel Bistritzky, sent out invitations. After all, in some instances, the families of the bride and groom and even the future spouses themselves traveled from far away. The civil ceremony marrying Shifra Lagovier and Markus Bistritzky took place two months later in Hamburg. Upon marriage, the bride also assumed her husband’s citizenship (in this case his statelessness), thus losing her Romanian citizenship.

Markus Bistritzky had completed a commercial apprenticeship with his father in Königsberg/East Prussia (today Kaliningrad in Russia) from 1910 to 1913 and had then moved to Bergen/Norway in 1914 "for further training in languages and economic studies.” He had set up his own business there in 1916. In 1922, coming from Russia, he had moved to Hamburg. His father Leib Bistritzky (born in 1865 in Rugin/Russia, died after July 1914) owned a major grain wholesale business in Königsberg/East Prussia (at Neuer Markt 11); he was married to Scheindel Bistritzky, née Rosenstein (1864–1936), who emigrated to Palestine in 1934.

In Hamburg, Markus Bistritzky, who spoke six languages, founded Skandinavische Handelsgesellschaft mbH in June 1922 together with the Hamburg businessman Alfred von Harder (Harder & de Voss oHG [general partnership] fish canning import company), which rented business premises in the Levantehaus (at Mönckebergstrasse 7). The new company took over the import and export of train oil and fish oil from and to Scandinavia for Harder & de Voss, which also held three quarters of the share capital. In Dec. 1925, Markus Bistritzky took over the company shares of Harder & de Voss and was henceforth the sole owner of the company.

Only starting in 1925 did the last name of Bistritzky appear in the Hamburg directory as the main tenant; the couple lived at Hochallee 119 (in 1925), Gosslerstrasse 15 (1926–1931), and Innocentiastrasse 64 (1931–1938). They had four children: Riwkah (1925–2017); Loeb (1926–2013), who had been enrolled in the Talmud Tora School in Apr. 1932; Blume (1927–2018); and Alexander (1930–2000). In 1924, former Russian citizen Markus Bistritzky received in Berlin a provisional passport valid for six months from the "Organisation pour la sauvegarde des Interests des réfugiés russes en Allemagne” ("Organization for the safeguarding of interests of Russian refugees in Germany”)

The application for naturalization submitted to the Hamburg Senate in May 1930 by Markus Bistritzky, a former Russian and by then stateless merchant of the Jewish faith, was forwarded to the Reichsrat (Chamber of German Federal States). The State of Thuringia, in whose government NSDAP ministers, too, had been serving since Dec. 1929, objected to the application. In a short letter of 30 Sept. 1930, the Thuringian Ministry of the Interior explained to the Reich Ministry of the Interior in Berlin the reasons for the rejection of the Hamburg naturalization applications for Richard Bak, Markus Bistritzky, and Osias Königsberg: "Based on Section 9 Par. 1 of the Reich Citizenship and Nationality Act dated 22 July 1913, we raise objections to the naturalization of foreign-born persons intended by the German states mentioned below. We base these concerns on the fact that the naturalization of these alien races endangers the welfare of the Reich.” In its plenary session on 5 Feb. 1931, the Reichsrat thereupon decided that the naturalization of "alien nationals of foreign descent” should be subject to residency in Germany of at least 20 years – Markus Bistritzky did not meet this requirement.

At the time of the Nazis’ "seizure of power” in Jan. 1933, Levi Lagovier lived in Antwerp. In an official letter from an authority in Antwerp, the residential address of Steenbokstraat 24 was noted for 8 May 1933: Levi Lagovier had inquired with the Belgian Ministry of Justice whether his daughter Schifra Bistritzky with her husband, four children, and mother-in-law Scheindel Bistritzky could obtain a three-month visa for Belgium, whereupon he was informed that the Belgian Consulate General in Hamburg would issue these visas. Already in Dec. 1932, a few weeks after the NSDAP had been confirmed as the strongest parliamentary party in the November Reichstag elections, Levi Lagovier had asked, as a precautionary measure, whether his wife and the mother of his son-in-law, Scheindel Bistritzky, could move to Antwerp to live with him, which apparently had not happened by May 1933.

Levi and Rochma Lagovier seem to have traveled back and forth between Hamburg and Antwerp several times between Oct. 1934 and May 1938, according to the Jewish religious tax (Kultussteuer) file card of the Hamburg Jewish Community. Neither of them was noted in the Hamburg directories, as they probably lived with their daughter and son-in-law. The Jewish religious tax card file recorded 14 Oct. 1934 as the date of joining as well as the relocation to Antwerp shortly thereafter (9 Nov. 1934), and one and a half years later, the move from Antwerp (24 Mar. 1936) and the move to Antwerp (20 May 1936). Two years afterward, the move abroad was again noted (23 May 1938). Whether these relocations applied to both spouses or only to one of them is not noted. No contributions to the Community were noted, nor when the entries were made.

Since 1926, Markus Bistritzky was a member of the board of the Verein zur Förderung ritueller Speisehäuser e.V., a registered association for the promotion of ritual eating places. Since 1927, he was also an independent member of the German-Israelitic Community and the largest of the Hamburg Jewish religious associations, the Orthodox Synagogue Association (Synagogenverband). He was also a member of the college of delegates of the Jewish Community, which was called the German-Israelite Community of Hamburg. Payment orders from 1938 document Bistritzky’s ties to various Jewish institutions. Donations are documented to the association Keren-Hayesod (Jewish Palestine Foundation Fund) e.V. (established in 1922), the Kelilath Jofi and Agudath Jescharin Association (Hamburg, Heinrich-Barth-Strasse 5), and the Yeshiva Tora Educational Institute (Frankfurt/Main). A smaller amount to the Franz Rosenzweig Memorial Foundation (Hamburg, founded in 1930) might indicate membership in that institution. Other donations can only be reconstructed on the basis of payment authorizations: From Bistritzky’s blocked Hamburg account, Klara Cohn, widow of Hermann Cohn (Hansastrasse 60), pediatrician Selma Lewin (Grindelallee 138), Mendel Schlesinger (Heinrich-Barth-Strasse 34), Mrs. Hildesheim, and the former employee of the Scandinavian trading company, Lisette Möller, as well as the two unmarried domestic servants Gertrud Hirschberg and Ruth Hirschberg received financial support.

In 1936, Markus Bistritzky’s company, which had 12 to 13 employees, achieved sales amounting to 2.19 million RM and a net profit of 155,000 RM. In that year, the company was converted from a limited liability company into a limited partnership (Kommanditgesellschaft – KG) in accordance with the Companies Transformation Act dated 5 July 1934. With the legal form, the liability changed fundamentally: From then on, Markus Bistritzky had unlimited liability as general partner and his wife Schifra, as a limited partner, liability amounting to her limited partner’s contribution of 10,000 RM. With the obligation to change the legal form of the company, the Nazi state at this time had secured unlimited access to the private assets of the company owner in the event of possible or alleged tax or foreign currency offenses.

In Jan. 1938, the Bistritzky family emigrated to Antwerp (Belgium) and in Apr. 1938, they continued to Rotterdam (Netherlands). According to information from the Hamburg foreign currency office, Markus Bistritzky’s company allegedly owned a transit warehouse worth about 500,000 RM there, and the Reichsbank had authorized a value of 40,000 British pounds (about 480,000 RM). On 28 Feb. 1938, senior government official (Regierungrat) Fritz Klesper (born in 1900, Nazi party member since 1 May 1933) issued a security order (Sicherungsanordnung) on Bistritzky’s assets from the foreign currency office of the Hamburg Chief Finance Administrator (Oberfinanzpräsident) and appointed the independent economic advisor and business graduate Kurt Kreysel (born in 1903, not a member of the NSDAP) as trustee with extensive powers. In the interest of the Nazi state, the agency and the trustees endeavored to appropriate the assets remaining within the German Reich.

On 16 Nov. 1938, the Bistritzkys in the Netherlands received a passport ("Identiteitsbewijs”) valid for one year from the "Vreemdelingendienst” (agency for foreign nationals). Via the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (Rotterdam), an agreement was reached between the emigrant Markus Bistritzky and Nazi Germany at the end of Nov. 1938: In return for a payment of 3,250 English pounds (approx. 40,000 RM), the Skandinavische Handelsgesellschaft mbH was not deleted from the Hamburg Company Register but was recorded with its seat in Rotterdam; the Hamburg office equipment with the business records was released and shipped to Rotterdam together with a collection of Hebrew books (worth 1,500 RM).

At the same time, Markus Bistritzky also wrote a passage in the agreement concerning Jewish employees of his company: "That Messrs. London, Markowitz, Abrahams, Fränkel will not be affected by an arrest connected with the latest events and will have no difficulties in emigrating.” These were the accountant Alfred London (born on 26 June 1891 in Hamburg, residing at Heinrich-Barth-Strasse 5), the warehouse worker Abraham Markowitz (born on 1 May 1902 in Poddebice [Poddembice], residing at Otto-Blöcker-Strasse 70), the warehouse worker Sally Abrahams (born on 18 June 1911 in Dornum/Norden, residing at Grindelallee 139), and the commercial clerk Robert Ruben Fränkel (born on 15 Feb. 1919 in Hamburg, residing at Parkallee 12). Sally Abrahams and Robert Ruben Fränkel managed to escape, Abraham Markowitz was deported to Lodz on 25 Oct. 1941, and Alfred London was deported to Minsk together with his wife Sophie née Cohn (born on 3 Apr. 1894) on 8 Nov. 1941.

In Oct. 1938, the trustee Kurt Kreysel sold the Bistritzkys’ home at Innocentiastrasse 64 for 22,000 RM to Eduard Hoffmann (born in 1900, NSDAP member since 1933) by notarized contract. Markus Bistritzky had paid 35,000 RM for the house eight years earlier. Notary Heinz Theissen (born in 1904, member of the NSDAP since 1932, Chief Executive of the Shipbuilding Economic Group since 1942) included Kurt Kreysel in the purchase contract as "acting in accordance with his duties as a representative without power of representation for the merchant Markus Bistritzky, Rotterdam, Beatrijsstraat 67.” The buyer, Eduard Hoffmann, as the Nazi district economic advisor, was an employee of the Hamburg Gau economic advisor from 1933 to 1936. As head of the Hamburger Grundstücks-Verwaltungsgesellschaft von 1938 mbH (GVG), a property management company, Hoffmann was responsible for the forced administration and sale of Jewish real estate from 1938 onward. GVG’s revenue benefited the Hamburg Nazi party. The fact that the sales by Jewish landowners required the consent of the Gau economic advisor opened the doors to the preferential transfer of properties to deserving party functionaries. Eduard Hoffmann, too, used this "network of corruption and obscure financial transfers” (according to historian Frank Bajohr) for self-enrichment.

Meanwhile, the Bistritzky family was preparing to leave Europe. Markus Bistritzky traveled on 16 Mar. 1938 from Cherbourg aboard the "S.S. Queen Mary” to New York to make preparations. Together with his wife and three children, he sailed from Le Havre on 21 July 1939 on the British "S.S. Georgic” (White Star Line). In the passenger list, they were entered as stateless persons who had received the necessary travel documents in Rotterdam on 1 May 1939. With the help of a so-called "Nansen pass,” a passport for stateless persons introduced in 1922 and initiated by the Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930), they were able to embark on the last phase of their emigration.

Two months later, Levi and Rochma Lagovier also left Nazi Germany, according to the entry on their Jewish religious tax file card. In May 1938, they also set off for Antwerp/Belgium. It is not known whether they entered the country with a visa valid for three months issued by the Belgian Consulate General in Hamburg; in general, a visa was required in Belgium. Usually, emigrants in Belgium had to fill in a "Questionnaire for foreigners who call themselves political refugees” in order to secure their residence status in Belgium beyond the period of the visa. The Lagoviers anti-Semitic persecution in Germany was not sufficient for a permanent residence status in Belgium. Unlike their daughter and son-in-law, they apparently did not emigrate further to the Netherlands. In spring 1938, the asylum law had been tightened there, and the aliens branch of the police carried out deportations. After the November Pogrom in 1938, however, refugees were allowed back into the country. Levi and Rochma Lagovier, however, stayed in Antwerp, where they had already lived in the 1920s. It is possible that contacts from that time made it easier for them to stay in the second largest Belgian city, from whose port passenger ships of various shipping companies departed for possible countries of exile.

The emigration conditions for Levi and Rochma Lagovier were made considerably more difficult by the beginning of the war in Sept. 1939, more restrictive entry regulations, revoked visas, and ships that did not leave port, and the increasing number of refugees. Son-in-law Markus Bistritzky tried to help the Lagovier couple from the USA and booked them a passage on the Portuguese freight and passenger ship "Serpa Pinto” from Lisbon for 12 June 1941. However, the conservative-authoritarian government of Portugal had tightened its entry requirements in the wake of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Despite massive bribery, the Lagoviers did not receive the required transit visa for Portugal. In Jan. 1941, they were still trying to obtain an entry visa for the USA via the US ambassador in Brussels, John Cody.

In Feb. 1941, the consul in Antwerp still did not provide any information on the visa and affidavit. In Aug. 1941, Levi and Rochma Lagovier wrote in one of the few surviving letters to their daughter in the USA that the shipping agent in Lisbon had failed to intervene with the police there. The letters between Belgium and the USA took four and a half months due to the war. With the declaration of war by Nazi Germany on the USA on 11 Dec. 1941, all contacts with the USA were also cut off.

Rochma Lagovier’s sister, Lea Abramoff, therefore wrote to them on 13 Nov. 1940 from the British Mandate of Palestine via the British Red Cross in Jerusalem and the Red Cross in Belgium on the few approved lines of the form: "We are all in good health. Do write about your health. Where is our brother Hershel with his wife? Your sister Lea.” The International Red Cross made it possible to contact even relatives in the countries that were at war with Germany by letter and were therefore subject to a contact ban. After a quarter of a year, the request cited above arrived in Antwerp on 14 Feb. 1941, finally reaching Rochma Lagovier, who had to write back just as concisely in no more than 25 words: "I and my husband are healthy. Our brother is with his wife at Sophie’s, everyone is healthy. Your sister Rosa Lagovier.”

After the German Wehrmacht invaded Belgium in May 1940, any further emigration from there had become almost impossible. Levi and Rochma Lagovier were presumably recorded in the newly introduced Jewish register ("Jodenregister”) by the Belgian authorities in Nov. 1940 on behalf of the Nazi occupying forces. At that time, they lived in Antwerp at Steenbokstraat 24, and it is likely that a few weeks later, they received a foreigner’s identity card with the bilingual red stamp indicating "Juif – Jood” directly above the passport photo. The German occupying forces had introduced this identification requirement in Belgium, which made persecution easier. At this time, the former barracks in Dossin near Mechelen (Malines) were designated as a collective camp for Jews as well as Roma and Sinti; Levi and Rochma Lagovier were not interned there, however. It could be confirmed that they were still in Belgium on 20 Mar. 1942, as they were registered as members of the Belgian Jewish Association on that day.

It is not known exactly when Levi and Rochma Lagovier fled from Belgium to officially unoccupied Vichy France, but it must have been between Mar. and Aug. 1942. In Aug./Sept. 1942, raids by the German military administration and the Belgian municipal police took place in Antwerp; the Jews arrested in the process were interned in the Dossin camp and then deported to Auschwitz. Since Levi and Rochma Lagovier were not interned there, they must have fled Antwerp before or at the beginning of the raids. The Vichy French authorities probably interned them in a camp in the south of their territory and later transferred them to the Drancy collective camp in the part of France occupied by the Wehrmacht since May 1940. On 11 Nov. 1942, Levi and Rochma Lagovier were deported from the Drancy collection and transit camp near Paris (Bloc II, Escalier 7, Chambre 5) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp and murdered there.

Levi and Rochma Lagovier, who were unable to take the ship passage themselves due to a lack of visas, had it transferred via their son-in-law to the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Schneerson (1902–1994), the later 7th Rebbe of the Chabad dynasty, and his wife, who thus succeeded in emigrating to New York in June 1941. There was also family contact through Mendel Lagovier, a cousin of Levi Lagovier, who had been married to Sheena Schneerson since 1897.

In June 2006, at the request of their great-grandson, Stolpersteine were laid for Levi and Rochma Lagovier in front of the urban villa at Innocentiastrasse 64, where according to the Jewish religious tax card file the couple lived from 1936 to 1938. The building had been bought by their son-in-law and daughter in 1930.

Translator: Erwin Fink
Kindly supported by the Hermann Reemtsma Stiftung, Hamburg.

Stand: July 2020
© Björn Eggert

Quellen: Staatsarchiv Hamburg (StaH)213-13 (Landgericht Hamburg, Wiedergutmachung), 14220 (Jewish Trust Corporation für Markus Bistritzky); StaH 221-11 (Staatskommissar für die Entnazifizierung), Ad 858 (Fritz Klesper); StaH 221-11 (Entnazifizierung), Ad 13584 (Kurt Kreysel); StaH 221-11 (Entnazifizierung), I (c) 1687 (Dr. Eduard Hoffmann); StaH 221-11 (Staatskommissar für die Entnazifizierung), I (SH) 145 (Dr. Heinz Theissen); StaH 231-7 (Handelsregister), B 1995-208 (Skandinavische Handelsgesellschaft HR C 4534); StaH 231-7 (Handelsregister), A 1 Band 182 (Skandinavische Handelsgesellschaft HR A 40846); StaH 314-15 (Oberfinanzpräsident), F 148 (Markus Bistritzky, 1938–1941); StaH351-11 (Amt für Wiedergutmachung), 25779 (Chifra Bistritzky); StaH 351-11 (Amt für Wiedergutmachung), 47923 (Loeb Louis Bistritzky); StaH 351-11 (Amt für Wiedergutmachung), 42813 (Robert Ruben Fränkel); StaH 522-1 (Jüdische Gemeinden), 992b (Kultussteuerkartei der Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeinde Hamburg) Markus Bistritzky, Levi Lagovier; Hanseatisches Wirtschaftsarchiv in der Handelskammer Hamburg, Umrechnungskurs engl. Pfund zu Reichsmark am 29.12.1937 (1 Pfund = 12,45 RM); Stadtarchiv Bad Homburg, Sterberegister 8/1926 (Dr. Siegfried Goldschmidt); Nationalarchiv of Belgium (NAB), Justizministerium/Verwaltung für öffentliche Sicherheit/Ausländerpolizei, Akte Nr. 1.193.549 (Levi Lagovier und Rochma Lagovier geb. Krieger, 1921–1933); Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Melderegister, Israel Jacob Lagovier (Lagawier), Mendel Lagovier (Lagowir); Kazerne Dossin Museum und Dokumentationszentrum, Mechelen (Hinweis auf Mitgliedschaft im Belgischen Mitgliedsverein); Hamburger Börsenfirmen, Hamburg 1926, S. 975 (Skandinavische Handelsgesellschaft mbH, Geschäftsführer Markus Bistritzky); Hamburger Börsenfirmen, Hamburg 1935, S. 336 (Harder & de Voss, gegr. 1882, Inh. Kommerzienrat Alfred-Eduard Freiherr v. Harder und Hermann Freiherr v. Harder, Kontor u. Ausstellung: Levantehaus), S. 801 (Skandinavische Handelsgesellschaft mbH, Geschäftsf. M. Bistritzky, Spezialhaus für medizinische, technische u. Veterinärtrane), S. 924 (Wirtschaftsdienst GmbH, gegr. 1921, Geschäftsführer Dr. Ed. Hoffmann, Poststr. 19); Adressbuch Hamburg (Markus Bistritzky) 1925, 1927, 1930, 1935; Isaak Babel, Tagebuch 1920, Zürich 1998, S. 77 (Brody); Frank Bajohr, "Arisierung" in Hamburg. Die Vertreibung der jüdischen Unternehmer 1933–1945, Hamburg 1998, S. 178, 291–293, 295, 310–311 (jeweils Eduard Hoffmann); Geesche-M. Cordes, Stolpersteine und Angehörige in Hamburg, Herzogenrath 2012, S. 222–223 (Lagovier); Martin Gilbert, Endlösung – Die Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Juden. Ein Atlas, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1982, S. 110 (Deportationen Dossin bei Mecheln nach Auschwitz); Heinz Humpert, Familienbuch Gonzenheim, Band I Abel bis Herwig, Geschichtlicher Arbeitskreis Gonzenheim e.V., 2011, S. 70–83, 735 (Dr. Siegfried Goldschmidt); Ania Klijanienko, Lemberg entdecken, Berlin 2005, S. 191–192 (Brody); Yosef Krieger, Misichronotawshel Zionni, ohne Datum, 172 Seiten (hebräisch, Geschichte der Familie Krieger); Claus-Dieter Krohn u.a., Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration 1933–1945, 2008, S.322-324 (Niederlande); Meyers Lexikon Band 1 (A-Bech), Leipzig 1924, S. 667 (Antwerpen); Meyers Lexikon Band 2 (Be-Co), Leipzig 1925, S. 905 (Brody); Meyers Lexikon Band 3 (Co-En), Leipzig 1925, S. 742 (Diamant); Meyers Lexikon Band 6 (Ho-Ko), Leipzig 1927, S. 1359 (Kischinew); Jürgen Sielemann, Weit über Deutschland hinaus. Der Verein zur Förderung ritueller Speisehäuser e.V., in: Liskor – Erinnern, Juni 2016, S. 17–18 (Markus Bistritzky); Michael Studemund Halévy, Im jüdischen Hamburg. Ein Stadtführer von A bis Z, Hamburg 2011, S. 36/37 (Chabad Lubawitsch Hamburg u. Stolperstein Levy u. Rochma Lagovier); Edmund de Waal, Der Hase mit den Bernsteinaugen. Das verborgene Erbe der Familie Ephrussi, Wien 2011, S. 34 (Odessa); www.ancestry.de (Markus Bistritzky: Passagierliste 1938 u. 1939, US-Einberufungsregistrierung 1942); https://www.collive.com/show_news.rtx?id=25271 (eingesehen 6.8.2018); https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/2248639/jewish/Rabbi-Yehudah-Leib-Bistritzky-Provider-of-Physical-and-Spiritual-Sustenance.htm (eingesehen 6.8.2018); http://cleveland.indymedia.org/news/2007/03/24630.php (Auschwitz Death Certificates, AimeeBistritzky geb. 30.1.1890 in Grodno, gest. 20.8.1942 in Auschwitz); https://www.geni.com/people/Alexander-Sender-Senderovna-Krieger/6000000037411753778 (Stammbaum Familie Krieger, ohne Jahreszahlen, eingesehen 28.5.2019); www.bistritzky.com (Jüdischer Friedhof Diemen bei Amsterdam, Grab von Chaim Lagovier 1898–1912, Feld A, Reihe 49, 11); www.kazernedossin.eu (Foto von Levi Lagovier); www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de (Bertha Beit geb. Abrahams); Informationen, Dokumenteund Fotografie von S.B. (Hamburg), Oktober 2018, März 2019, Mai 2019.